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Physio > Nervous system overview > Flashcards

Nervous system overview Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system mediates __ contraction

A

muscle

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2
Q

the nervous system mediates integration of blood oxygen, __ and __ levels via respiratory activity

A

carbon dioxide, pH

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3
Q

the nervous system mediates digestive system __ and __

A

motility, secretion

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4
Q

the nervous system mediates regulates volume and pressure in the circulation via __ and __ function

A

cardiovascular, urinary

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5
Q

NS is a __ fix to homeostatic disturbance while ES is __

A

quick, slower

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6
Q

endocrine is a slower fix and is more

A

long term

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7
Q

support cells for neurons known as

A

neuroglia

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8
Q

nervous system functional unit=

A

neurons

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9
Q

somatic sensory receptors detect

A

skeletal muscle, touch, pressure, temp., (skin sensations)

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10
Q

nervous system uses a combo of __ and __ to communicate info to the body

A

chemical and electrical signals

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11
Q

dendrites are stimulated by

A

environmental changes or cell activity

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12
Q

special sensory receptors detect

A

smell, vision, balance, hearing, taste

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13
Q

visceral sensory receptors detect

A

internal organs and systems

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14
Q

cell body contains the

A

nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc

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15
Q

nissl bodies

A

-clusters of ribosomes
-located in cell body

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16
Q

synaptic terminals affect another

A

neuron or effector organ

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17
Q

axon conducts nerve impulses toward

A

synaptic terminals

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18
Q

contain a lot of ribosomes in the cell body known as

A

nissl bodies

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19
Q

many neurons have axons that are __

A

myelinated

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20
Q

internodes are formed by

A

neuroglia cells

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21
Q

what forms myelin for axons in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

what kind of neuron is this?

A

anaxonic

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23
Q

what forms myelin for axons in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

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24
Q

internodes separated by small segments of axon not covered in myelin known as

A

nodes of ranvier

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25
Q

the function of myelin is to __ rate of nerve impulse conduction

A

speed up

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26
Q

“jumping” between internodes in myelinated neurons known as

A

saltatory conduction

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27
Q

what kind of neuron is this?

A

bipolar

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28
Q

what kind of neuron is this?

A

multipolar

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29
Q

where is the axon hilock located?

A
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30
Q

where is the axon hilock located?

A
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31
Q

where is the axon hilock located?

A
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32
Q

sensory neurons __ division of PNS

A

afferent

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33
Q

motor neurons are __ neurons

A

multipolar

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34
Q

what kind of neuron is this?

A

pseudounipolar

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35
Q

The internod is

A

the area wrapped with the myelin shealth

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36
Q

interneurons are __ neurons

A

multipolar, anaxonic

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37
Q

what are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneruons
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38
Q

sensory neurons are __ neurons

A

pseudounipolar, bipolar

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39
Q

sensory neurons dendrites/ cell body in the _________

A

PNS

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40
Q

sensory neurons carry sensory information from __ to __

A

reflex receptor, CNS

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41
Q

sensory neurons axons are typically __ and extend into __

A

myelinated, CNS

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42
Q

motor neurons __ division of PNS

A

efferent

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43
Q

motor neurons carry motor commands from __ to __

A

CNS, effectors

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44
Q

motor neurons dendrites/ cell body in the

A

CNS

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45
Q

motor neurons axons are typically __, extend into __ and synapse with effectors

A

myelinated, PNS

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46
Q

motor neuons are

A

multipolar

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47
Q

interneurons found only in __

A

CNS

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48
Q

interneurons carry information from __ to __

A

one neuron, another

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49
Q

interneurons involved in __

A

integration

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50
Q

interneurons may or may not be __

A

myelinated

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51
Q

interneurons are

A

multipolar

also another type put she stated she would not show us that type

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52
Q

action potentials always propagates along cell membrane of axon from __ toward __

A

axon hillock, axon terminals

53
Q

neuron to neuron would be

A

interneuron

54
Q

CNS to effector would be

A

motor neuron

55
Q

reflex receptor to CNS would be

A

sensory neuron

56
Q

two types of electrical signals in neurons

A

action potentials, graded potentials

57
Q

info flows

A

in one direction

58
Q

action potentials always the same with no change in __ or __ as they travel along the membrane

A

strength, size

59
Q

action potentials are

A

all or none

60
Q

action potentials are triggered at the axon hillock when __ is reached

A

threshold potential (-50 mV)

61
Q

action potentials have a relatively ____ change in __

A

fast; Vm

62
Q

action potential

A

always the same size
all or none
long distance

63
Q

graded potentials are small changes in membrane potential of variable __

A

strength/ amplitude

64
Q

graded potentials travel ____ distance and _____ strength as they travel

A

short, lose

65
Q

graded potentials often last _______ than action potentials

A

longer

66
Q

graded potential

A

small changes
varies
short distance, lose strength

67
Q

Synaptic

A

generated in post synaptic synapse

68
Q

what are the two types of synapatic graded potentials

A

EPSP
IPSP

69
Q

EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) moves __ toward threshold potential; increases likelihood of __

A

Vm, AP

70
Q

EPSP moves

A

toward threshold

71
Q

EPSP ________ chance of action potential

A

increases

72
Q

IPSP ________ chance of action potential

A

decreases

73
Q

IPSP moves

A

away from threshold

74
Q

synaptic potentials are generated in __ cell in a synapse

A

post synaptic

75
Q

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) moves __ away threshold potential; decreases likelihood of __

A

Vm, AP

76
Q

action potential is

A

depolarization

77
Q

receptor potentials are

A

reflex receptors; excitatory

78
Q

end plate potentials are

A

skeletal muscles; excitatory

79
Q

depolarization- Vm becomes more positive which is an example of a __

A

EPSPs

80
Q

repolarization- Vm returns to

A

resting value

81
Q

EPSP causes a transition from __ to __ (axon hillock)

A

graded potential, action potential

82
Q

hyperpolarization- Vm becomes more negative which is an example of a __

A

IPSPs

83
Q

EPSP reaches threshold and causes voltage-gated __ channel to open

A

Na+

84
Q

during depolarization Na+ move __ the cell through voltage gated Na+ channels, activated via

A

into, positive feedback

85
Q

during repolarization K+ moves __ the cell through K+ voltage gated channels

A

outside

86
Q

when transitioning from depolarization to repolarization voltage gated __ channels close and __ voltage gated K+ channels open

A

Na+, slow

87
Q

at hyperpolarization __ channels close

A

K+

88
Q

voltage gated Na+ channels have these 2 gates

A

activation and inactivation

89
Q

what gated channel has two gates?

A

Na+

90
Q

Na+ activation gate __ at resting Vm, __ opens at threshold depolarization

A

closed, quickly

91
Q

due to the ________ open quickly there is a

A

period where both are open

allows Na+ to rush in

92
Q

Na+ inactivation gate __ at resting Vm, __ closes at threshold depolarization

A

open, slowly

93
Q

voltage gated K+ channel, begins to open at threshold, but is __, opens when Na+ gate is __

A

slow, inactivated

94
Q

at resting potential the K+ gate is

A

closed

95
Q

activation of Na+ channels occurs via a

A

positive feedback loop

96
Q

What causes the cell to return back to rest after an action potential?

A

activity of Na+ K+ ATPase

97
Q

conductance measures

A

the movement of charge across the membrane

98
Q

Permeability measures

A

the capability of ions to flow across the membrane, regardless of whether they are moving across the membrane

99
Q

impossible for cell to fire another action potential

A

absolute refractory period

100
Q

absolute refractory period is due to

A

all or non activation and Na+ closed inactivation gates

101
Q

when a larger than normal EPSP can elicit an action potential known as

A

relative refractory period

102
Q

relative refractory period occurs when

A

Na+ channels reset at resting state, ends when all reset

103
Q

________ keeps the action potential moving in one direction

A

relative refractoy period

104
Q

what changes excitability of neurons and other excitable tissue?

A

Δ[K+]ECF

105
Q

hyperkalemia with 3.5<[K+]ECF< 6 mM range

A

-increase excitability
-depolarize Vm

106
Q

which kalemia depolarizes the cell

A

hyperkalemia

107
Q

which kalemia decreases membrane exitability

A

hypokalemia

108
Q

hyperkalemia [K+]ECF> 6 mM

A

-decreases excitability
-depolarizes and causes Na+ inactivation

109
Q

hypokalemia characteristics

A

-reduces excitability
-hyperpolarizes

110
Q

what does Ca2+ bind to?

A

external surface of Na+ channel setting their excitable state

111
Q

the first domino is the at the

(causes to travel once initiated

A

axon hilock

112
Q

hypercalcemia __ membrane excitability

A

reduces

113
Q

hypocalcemia __ membrane excitability

A

increases

114
Q

what causes the action potential (Na+) to travel down the axon

A

diffusion

causes the membrane to depolarize in the next section

115
Q

action potential propagation is

A

non- decremental

116
Q

depolarization of axon-
a graded potential above threshold reaches the

A

trigger zone

117
Q

each section of axon experience a different

A

phase of action potential

118
Q

depolarization of axon-
__ channels open and Na+ enters the axon

A

voltage gated Na+

119
Q

where is the action potential initiated?

A

axon hillock

120
Q

depolarization of axon-

positive charge flows into adjacent sections of the axon by

A

local current flow

121
Q

depolarization of axon-
local current flow from the __ causes new sections of the membrane to __

A

active region, depolarize

122
Q

depolarization of axon-

the __ period prevents backward conduction. loss of k+ from the cytoplasm __ the membrane

A

refractory, repolarizes

123
Q

conduction velocity of AP increases when axons have

A

myelin and increase axonal diameter

124
Q

Action Potential Propagation Along Myelinated Axon

A

-myelin insulator
-salutatory conduction of AP
-speeds up AP
-conserves axon energy

125
Q

mylein allows for faster

A

diffusion down the axon

126
Q

without mylein sheath causes

A

current leak and slow conduction

127
Q

demyelination disease in CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

128
Q

demyelination disease in PNS

A

guillain- barre syndrome

129
Q

demyelination cause

A

those axons to possible not reach threshold and there for the action potential will not be able to travel to where it needs to

Physio (34 decks)

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