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Physio > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

afferent pathways enter the spinal cord via the

A

dorsal roots

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2
Q

dorsal column pathway a medial lemniscal pathway that detects

A

touch, pressure, proprioception

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3
Q

spinothalamic tract detects

A

pain and temp.

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4
Q

crossing over based on the

A

sensory modality

varies based on the stimulus

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5
Q

chemoreceptors detect

A

ligands (osmolarity, arterial oxygen, etc)

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6
Q

nociceptors detect

A

damage

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7
Q

how many neurons are there in the sensoory pathway?

A

3

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8
Q

thermoreceptors detect

A

cold/ warm

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors detect

A

compression/ stretch (muscle spindles, equilibrium, etc)

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10
Q

energy to which a receptor is most sensitive

A

adequate stimulus

other stimulus can activate

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11
Q

photoreceptors (electromagnetic receptors) detect

A

light

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12
Q

threshold for nonspecific responses is much __

A

higher

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13
Q

Sensory Receptors are specific for a particular

A

energy type

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14
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle
(mechanoreceptor)
When the surrounding capsule is distressed, the central nerve fiber is in turn distorted causing

A

the opening of ions channels

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15
Q

the larger the depression of the pacinian corpuscle

A

the more channels that will open

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16
Q

A Stronger stimulus intensity produces a

A

-larger GP
-more AP
-more NT released

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17
Q

the access of the graph of stimulus strength and ampitude of observed receptor potential being log

A

gives a larger range

can sense very fine stimulus but eventally reaches a max it can feel

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18
Q

ctivation of any sensory receptor changes membrane potential (transduction) and produces what is called a

A

receptor potential (graded potential)

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19
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle
(mechanoreceptor) the
greater the depression, the
more ion channels will open, so

A

larger GP which leads to more APs

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20
Q

increase in stimulus strength will increase the __ of receptor potentials

A

amplitude (not a linear relationship)

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21
Q

perceptual threshold is when a stimulus of constant strength is maintain on a sensory receptor causes

A

AP frequency decreases

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22
Q

The intensity (or strength) of stimulus perception is
determined by

A

-frequency of AP (temporal)
-total receptors activated (spatial)

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23
Q

where can adaptation occur?

A

receptor or neuron

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24
Q

In response to continual,
high impulse sensory stimuli, the response of almost all

A

receptors decrease, but to varying degrees

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25
Q

the larger the stimulus the more

A

NT released

onto second order

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26
Q

The longest measured time for nearly complete adaptation of a mechanoreceptor is

A

2 days

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27
Q

what 2 baroreceptors are considered a tonic form of adaptation?

A

carotid and aortic

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28
Q

with receptor adaptation a decrease in __ of receptor potential over time with a constant stimulus

A

amplitude

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29
Q

perceptual is the

A

minimum the receptor can pick up

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30
Q

a decrease in amplitude in receptor adaptation causes a decrease in __

A

AP frequency and stimulus perception

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31
Q

pain are always

A

TONIC

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32
Q

Tonic Receptors (slow) help
differentiate stimulus

A

INTENSITY

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33
Q

Phasic Receptors (fast)
help differentiate
stimulus

A

DURATION

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34
Q

examples of phasic receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles,
Vestibular receptors in
the inner ear

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35
Q

examples of tonic receptors

A

Golgi Tendon Organs,
Nociceptors, Chemoreceptors,
Baroreceptors

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36
Q

A precise modality
activates specific

A

receptors and postsynaptic cells

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37
Q

studying a lil all the time was given as an example for

A

tonic

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38
Q

studying only right before the test was given as an example of

A

phasic

only at start and end it occurs

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39
Q

precise modalitys are conveyed to

A

specific fibers of the CNS

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40
Q

Homunculus correlates the
anatomical regions of the CNS with where

A

interpretation and
awareness of sensations are perceived

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41
Q

receptive field is a region where a single fibers __ receptors are located

A

afferent

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42
Q

There is often overlap between receptive
fields of

A

adjacent neurons

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43
Q

receptive field overlap improves

A

localization stability (2 point discrimination)

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44
Q

Sensory stimulation of a
single point on the skin can
elicit excitation in one tract of __ while simultaneously inhibiting __

A

post-synaptic cells, lateral neurons

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45
Q

__ is the precision with
which a stimulus is perceived

A

acuity

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46
Q

what process enhances acuity?

A

lateral inhibition

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47
Q

lateral inhibition improves __

A

discrimination

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48
Q

is overlap good or bad

A

GOOD

improves localization ability

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49
Q

lateral inhibition occurs throughout the __

A

CNS

50
Q

lateral inhibition advantages because it diminishes spread of __ and increases degree of contrasts in the __

A

excitatory signal, sensory pattern in cortex

51
Q

lateral inhibition occurs at each synapse

A

1- medulla
2- thalamus
3- cerebral cortex

52
Q

mechanoreceptors include __ sensations stimulated by mechanical displacement

A

TACTILE and POSITION

53
Q

examples of tactile sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration

54
Q

Vibration sensations from
rapidly repetitive __ signals

A

sensory

55
Q

examples of position sensations

A

static position and rate of movement sense

56
Q

Touch sensations from
stimulation of __ receptors in the skin or tissues beneath the skin

A

tactile

57
Q

as you get older acuity

A

decreases

58
Q

Pressure sensations from
__ of deeper tissues

A

deformation

59
Q

A Delta

A

fast
* pain
* temp

60
Q

A Beta are

A

mylinated and have large diameter

in both corpuscles

61
Q

C Fibers

A

fast temp
slow pain

62
Q

six tactile receptors

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. pacinian corpuscles
  3. meissners corpuscles
  4. merkel’s disks
  5. ruffinis endings
  6. hair end- organ
63
Q

Static position sense is
__ perception of __ of different parts of the body with respect to one another

A

conscious, orientation

64
Q

Rate of movement sense is
also called

A

kinesthesia or dynamic proprioception

65
Q

free nerve endings found in

A

skin, cornea, dental pulp, GI tract

66
Q

free nerve endings detect

A

touch and pressure (temp. and pain)

67
Q

free nerve endings __ adaptation/ __

A

slow, tonic

68
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles detect

A

DEEP pressure, vibration

69
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles found in

A

subcutaneous tissue, viscera, joints

70
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles __ adaptation/ __

A

rapid, phasic

71
Q

Meissner’s/Tactile Corpuscles detect

A

light touch, pressure, vibration

72
Q

Meissner’s/Tactile Corpuscles __ adaptation/ __

A

rapid, phasic

73
Q

Meissner’s/Tactile Corpuscles are __ found on __ skin

A

localized, glabrous

hairless

74
Q

The density of
Meissner’s corpuscles in skin can be determined
by

A

2 point discrimination tests

75
Q

The number of tactile corpuscles in skin normally
__ during adult life

A

declines

76
Q

Merkel’s Disks localize continuous

A

pressure and sensing an object’s texture

77
Q

Merkel’s Disks found on

A

all skin

78
Q

Merkel’s Disks __ adaptation/ __

A

slow, tonic

79
Q

Ruffini’s Endings sensitive to

A

stretch or indentation; proprioception

80
Q

Ruffini’s Endings deep layers of

A

skin, joints, surrounding tooth roots

81
Q

Ruffini’s Endings __ adaptation/ __

A

slow, tonic

82
Q

Periodontal mechanoreceptors in the __ Ruffini-like receptors

A

periodontal ligament

83
Q

Hair End-Organ base of

A

hair follicle

84
Q

Hair End-Organ __ movement

A

hair

85
Q

Smallest Receptive Fields so __ Precise Localization

A

MOST

86
Q

Hair End-Organ __ adaptation/ __

A

rapid/ phasic

87
Q

what determines the location of somatic receptors?

A

receptive field size and adaptation type

88
Q

what are two superfical touch receptors

A

meissner’s corpuscle
merkle cells

both are Small

89
Q

the medial lemniscus is an __ bundle of heavily myelinated axons that
cross over in the __

A

ascending, medulla

90
Q

The ascending sensory tract __ the spinal cord on the __ side as the stimulus

A

ascends, same

91
Q

The second order neuron crosses over in the

dorsal-column pathway

A

medulla oblongata

92
Q

dorsal column pathway uses ________ fibers

A

A- Beta

93
Q

Spinothalamic/ Anterolateral Pathway responsible for

A

Pain, Thermoreceptors, Crude Tactile, Tickle, Itch and Sexual Sensations

94
Q

Spinothalamic/Anterolateral Pathway transmits a broad spectrum of

A

sensory modalities

95
Q

Spinothalamic/Anterolateral Pathway sends signals to the brain at velocities a few meters/section up to

A

40 m/ sec

96
Q

The second order neuron crosses over in the

lateral spinothalamic

A

spinal cord

crosses right away

97
Q

Spinothalamic use what type of fibers

A

A- Delta and C

98
Q

what has less spatial organization the Spinothalamic/Anterolateral Pathway or dorsal column pathway?

A

Spinothalamic/Anterolateral Pathway

99
Q

The second order neuron ascends in either the
anterior or lateral spinothalamic tract on the
__ side of the spinal cord from where
the stimulus occurred

A

opposite

100
Q

unilateral lesion, one loses __ lateral touch/ pressure __ the injury level

A

ipsilateral, below

101
Q

unilateral lesion, one loses __ lateral pain/ temp. __ the injury level

A

contralateral, below

102
Q

postcentral gyrus found in __ areas

A

1-3

103
Q

sensory association area found in __ areas

A

5, 7

104
Q

Damage to the somatosensory association area on one side results in the inability

A

recognize complex objects and sense on opposite side of body

105
Q

proprioception is awareness of the body’s

A

position in space

106
Q

examples of skeletal muscle receptors

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

107
Q

3 receptor types

A

-photoreceptors
-touch and pressure receptors
-skeletal muscle receptors (unconscious proprioception)

108
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face have __ innervation

A

extensive

109
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face extensive innervation includes

A

-high sensitivity to stimuli
-large region of cortex receives info (Sensory Homunculus)

110
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face has __ receptors

A

cutaneous, mucosal

111
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face cutaneous & Mucosal Receptors contain

A

Meissner, Merkel, Ruffini, and free nerve endings

112
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face cutaneous & Mucosal Receptors do not contain

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

113
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face cutaneous & Mucosal Receptors send __ info

A

proprioceptive

114
Q

Somatosensory Mechanoreceptors in the
Mouth & Face cutaneous & Mucosal Receptors mechanoreceptors can convey __ perception

A

taste

115
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors have __ like receptors and __

A

Ruffini, free nerve endings

116
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors axons are

A

large and myelinated

A-Beta

117
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors adaptation is

A

slow and fast

118
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors location of receptors allow
them to respond to any
forces applied to the

A

crown of teeth

119
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors __ tap on tooth __ jaw closing muscles (jaw open to prevetn damage)

A

brisk, inhibits

120
Q

peridontal mechanoreceptors __ tap on tooth __ jaw closing muscles (hold food when chewing)

A

weak, activates

121
Q

perceive sensation of touch but not the finer details known as

A

tactile agnosia

122
Q

where does the dorsol-colum pathway crossover

A

medulla

Physio (34 decks)

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