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Physio > Control of respiration > Flashcards

Control of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

excess __ activates respiratory centers to increase alveolar ventilation

A

CO2 or H+

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2
Q

increased in CO2 and H+ is detected by __ chemoreceptors

A

peripheral and central

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2
Q

decrease in O2 detected by __ chemoreceptors

A

peripheral (ONLY)

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2
Q

decreased O2 __ alveolar ventilation

A

increases

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2
Q

decreased O2 acts on peripheral chemoreceptors that relay the signal to the __

A

central respiratory center

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3
Q

__ tracts affect breathing

A

corticospinal and ventrolateral

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3
Q

what tract affects chemoreceptors?

A

corticospinal

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3
Q

what tract affects muscles of breathing?

A

ventrolateral

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4
Q

what tract controls voluntary breathing?

A

corticospinal

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5
Q

what tract controls automatic breathing?

A

ventrolateral

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5
Q

Corticospinal tract involves descending input from the __

A

thalamus and cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Corticospinal tract can bypass the respiratory control centers in __

A

pons and medulla

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6
Q

Corticospinal tract activated during

A

talking, sneezing, singing, swallowing, coughing, defecation, anxiety fear

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7
Q

Ventrolateral tract primarily controlled by changes in __

A

PCO2

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8
Q

Ventrolateral tract less sensitive to __

A

PO2 and H+

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9
Q

Ventrolateral tract has __ receptors

A

pulmonary mechanical

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9
Q

Ventrolateral tract activated by respiratory centers in the __

A

pons and medulla

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10
Q

Respiration is Primarily Controlled by Two Areas within the Brainstem

A

medullary and pontine

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10
Q

Medullary Respiratory Centers contains

A

-dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
-ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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11
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group contains

A

-pneumotaxic center
-apneustic center

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11
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG) nucleus of the __

A

tractus solitarius (NTS)

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12
Q

DRG __ center

A

inspiratory

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13
Q

DRG receives input from the cranial nerves __

A

IX (chemoreceptor) and X (chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor)

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14
Q

DRG provides __ inspiratory stimuli to __ motor neurons

A

excitatory, phrenic

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15
Q

DRG sets the basic rhythm for breathing by setting the __ of respiration (central pattern generator)

A

frequency

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16
Q

DRG singals begin __, increases steadily

A

weakly

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17
Q

DRG contains opiate receptors that, when activated __ respiration and decrease sensitivity to changes in __

A

inhibit, PCO2

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17
Q

ventral respiratory group (VRG) nucleus __ and nucleus __

A

ambiguus, retroambiguus

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18
Q

VRG mostly involved in __

A

expiration

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19
Q

VRG activated when __ is required

A

forceful expiration

20
Q

VRG contains control motor neurons for

A

-expiratory muscles (abdominals, internal intercostals)
-accessory inspiratory muscles

21
Q

VRG contains big group of neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex that have __ control

A

respiratory pacemaker

21
Q

what regulates DRG peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

-decrease O2
-increase CO2
-increase H+

22
Q

what regulates DRG central chemoreceptors?

A

-increase H+
-increase CO2

23
Q

regulates the DRG __ receptors

A

-lung stretch receptors
-muscles and joint receptors

24
Q

__ info. regulated activity of medullary DRG

A

afferent

25
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex achieves optimal __

A

rate and depth

26
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex stretch receptors in bronchi and bronchioles activated when lungs __

A

over- stretch

27
Q

to activate Hering-Breuer Reflex __ must increase > 3 times

A

tidal volume

28
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex being activated results in stopping further __ and decreases __

A

inspiration, rate

29
Q

irritant receptors are __

A

protective

30
Q

irritant receptors located between __

A

epithelial cells in conducting zone

30
Q

irritant receptors promotes __

A

-rapid, shallowing breathing
-coughing
-sneezing

30
Q

j receptors cause __

A

-rapid, shallow breathing
-dyspnea sensation

31
Q

irritant receptors stimulated by __

A

-noxious exogenous substances
-endogenous agents
-mechanical stimulation

31
Q

The H+ produced in the CSF activates the __ which stimulates the __

A

Central Chemoreceptors, DRG

32
Q

in alveolar walls, j receptors, stimulated by __

A

-alveolar inflammatory processes (pneumonia)
-pulmonary vascular congestion (CHF)
-edema

33
Q

Joint & Muscle Proprioceptors sensitive to change in __

A

position and muscle movements

33
Q

Joint & Muscle Proprioceptors increase __ activity to increase rate of breathing

A

DRG

33
Q

central chemoreceptors most important for __ control of breathing

A

minute- to- minute

34
Q

Joint & Muscle Proprioceptors both __ movements stimulate respiration

A

active and passive

34
Q

Central Chemoreceptors are most effective within __ after a change in central CO2

A

1-2 days

34
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors located in the __ bodies

A

aortic and carotid

35
Q

central chemoreceptors located on __ of medulla

A

ventral surface

36
Q

central chemoreceptors activated stimulates the __

A

DRG

36
Q

central chemoreceptors only sensitive to changes in CSF __ concentration

A

H+

36
Q

central chemoreceptors sensitive to change in __

A

pH of CSF

36
Q

At PaO2 __, there is a LARGE increase in alveolar ventilation

A

<60mmHg

37
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors __ nerves from the carotid bodies

A

CN 9

37
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors __ nerves from the aortic bodies

A

CN 10

37
Q

change in CO2 is potent __ but diminished

A

acutely

38
Q

__ drive decreased by nitrous oxide

A

hypoxic

38
Q

increase in __ increases firing of aortic and carotid bodies to increase repsiration

A

PaCO2

38
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors compared to central

A

-not as power
-responds 5x more quickly

38
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors sensitive to __

A

-low PaO2
-high PaCO2
-low pH

38
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors only sensitive to __

A

dissolved gases

39
Q

Most inhaled anesthetics cause respiratory depression
by

A

-inhibit DRG
-hypoxemia
-hypercarbia

39
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors decrease in __ increases the rate of carotid bodies

A

arterial pH

40
Q

nitrous oxide increases __ resistance

A

pulmonary vascular

41
Q

nitrous oxide is a mild __

A

sympathomimetic

42
Q

__ enhances the response to PaCO2

A

Hypoxemia

43
Q

PaCO2 greater than
__ stimulates an increase in alveolar respiration

A

35mmHg

44
Q

nitrous oxide increases __ and decreases __

A

respiratory rate, tidal volume

45
Q

nitrous oxide causes minimal changes in __ ventilation and __ levels

A

minute, PaCO2

Physio (34 decks)

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