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Physio > Blood vessels, blood pressure, and capillary exchange > Flashcards

Blood vessels, blood pressure, and capillary exchange Flashcards

1
Q

where is the site of exchange between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

capillaries

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2
Q

large vein characteristics

A

-few layers of smooth muscle and CT
-few elastic layers
-wider lumen

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2
Q

plasma has a lot more __ than the interstitital fluid

A

proteins

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3
Q

large artery characteristics

A

-many layers of smooth muscle and CT
-several elastic layers
-narrow lumen

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3
Q

decreasing tone and increasing vasodilation __ the lumen diameter

A

increases

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4
Q

veins/ venules have no __ tone

A

vascular (basal)

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4
Q

increasing tone and increasing vasoconstriction __ the lumen diameter

A

decreases

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4
Q

examples of elastic arteries

A

-aorta
-pulmonary

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4
Q

Q=

A

ΔP/R

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4
Q

vascular tone determines the __ of vessel lumen at rest

A

radius

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4
Q

muscular arteries are __ arteries

A

distribution

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4
Q

vascular tone is modified by

A

-paracrines
-autonomic NS

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5
Q

R=

A

8Ln/Πr4

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5
Q

parasympathetic NS only affects tone in the __

A

penis and clitoris

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6
Q

examples of paracrines that decreases tone and relaxes smooth muscle

A

NO and prostacyclin

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6
Q

autonomic NS __ decreases tone

A

parasympathetic

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7
Q

examples of paracrines that increases tone and contracts smooth muscle

A

endothelin-1

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7
Q

autonomic NS __ normally increases tone

A

sympathetic (main regulator)

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8
Q

arteries/ arterioles can __ from rest

A

vasodilate or vasoconstrict

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9
Q

arteries/ arterioles have __ tone

A

vascular (basal)

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9
Q

sympathetic NS increases tone through __ receptors

A

a1 adrenergic

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10
Q

abnormal arterial tone results in __

A

hypertension

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10
Q

arteries/ arterioles tones mediated by-

A

-paracrines
-tonic activity of sympathetic

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11
Q

compliance=

A

ΔVolume/ΔPressure

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11
Q

high compliance vessels have __ changes in volume with __ changes in pressure

A

large, little

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12
Q

veins/ venules only __ from rest

A

vasoconstrict

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12
Q

pulsation disappears by the __

A

capillaries

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12
Q

example of large compliance vessels

A

veins

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13
Q

pressure in the arterial vessels is __

A

pulsatile

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13
Q

the arterial vessels produce __ pressures

A

systolic and diastolic

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13
Q

compliance is how easily a structure __

A

stretches

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13
Q

low compliance vessels have __ changes in pressure with __ changes in volume

A

large, small

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13
Q

example of low compliance vessels

A

arteries

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14
Q

the pressure gradient throughout the __ is the driving force for blood flow

A

circulatory

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14
Q

decreasing pulsation is known as __

A

damping

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14
Q

formula for mean arterial pressure

A

=Diastolic P + 1/3(Systolic P – Diastolic P)

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15
Q

pulsation disappears due to decreasing __ tissue and increasing __ as move through arteries to capillaries

A

elastic, R

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16
Q

what prevents arteriole diastolic pressure from dropping to ventricular diastole pressure?

A

elastic recoil

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17
Q

elastic recoil is essential to maintain __ in systemic circulation

A

driving pressure

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18
Q

when the elastic artery snaps back causes what?

A

dicrotic notch

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19
Q

which pressure has the greatest influence on MAP?

A

diastolic pressure (ventricle spends more time in diastolic than systolic)

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20
Q

pulse pressure is felt as a pulsation or throb in the arteries of the __ with each heartbeat

A

wrist or neck

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21
Q

How will heart function
change to compensate?

A

increase CO and vascular resistance

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21
Q

what happens to MAP with arteriosclerosis?

A

increases

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21
Q

hypertension characterized by an increase in __

A

-MAP
-systolic and diastolic pressure

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22
Q

PP=

A

SP-DP

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23
Q

Mechanistic explanation of MAP with arteriosclerosis?

A

diastolic pressure decreases

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23
Q

main factors in determining magnitude of the pulse pressure

A

-stroke volume
-arterial compliance

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23
Q

decrease in total blood volume __ MAP

A

decreases

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24
Q

flow out systemic arteries=

A

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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24
Q

flow in systemic arteries=

A

CO (HRxSV)

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24
Q

TPR=

A

ΣR Arterioles (vasoconstriction of arterioles)

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25
Q

increase in total blood volume __ MAP

A

increases

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26
Q

if: Flow in < Flow out due to __

A

decreased CO and TPR

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26
Q

if: Flow in > Flow out due to __

A

increased CO and TPR

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26
Q

if: Flow in < Flow out results in __ MAP

A

decreased

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26
Q

if: Flow in > Flow out results in __ MAP

A

increased

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27
Q

blood can be shifted from __ to __ to increase MAP

A

veins to arteries

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27
Q

MAP=

A

COxTPR

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27
Q

factors that change arteriolar diameter

A

-resistance
-ΔTPR

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27
Q

arteriolar diameter is altered for

A

-myogenic autoregulation
-local control
-systemic/ reflex control

27
Q

normally __ of blood volume to arteries and __ in veins

A

11%, 60%

27
Q

mean arterial blood pressure is determined by these factors

A

-blood volume
-cardiac output
-resistance
-relative distribution

28
Q

myogenic autoregulation function of the blood vessel __

A

wall (arterioles)

28
Q

myogenic autoregulation assures blood flow to tissues matches __

A

tissue demands

28
Q

local control match tissue blood flow to __

A

metabolic demands

29
Q

local control fucntion of __

A

paracrines

29
Q

local control-
Qtissue=

A

MAP/ Rtissue

30
Q

systemic/ reflex control maintain MAP to assure adequate blood flow to the __

A

brain and heart

31
Q

systemic/ reflex control-
MAP=

A

COxTRP

32
Q

systemic/ reflex control function of __

A

NS and ES

33
Q

myogenic autoregulation nearly all organs keep their blood flow constant despite variations in __

A

arterial pressure

34
Q

reflex arteriolar constriction in response to __ MAP

A

increased

35
Q

local control mediated by __

A

paracrines and autocrines

36
Q

local control matches tissue blood flow to __ demands

A

metabolic

37
Q

increased tissue metabolism causes

A

-decreased O2
-increased CO2, H+, K+
-vasodilation

37
Q

reactive hyperemia is increased tissue blood flow following a period of __

A

low perfusion (blood flow)

38
Q

decreased tissue metabolism causes

A

-increased O2
-decreased CO2
-vasoconstriction

38
Q

active hyperemia is when increased tissue blood flow companies increased tissue __

A

metabolic activity

39
Q

blood flow occluded, paracrines accumulate this in interstitial space

A

-decreased O2
-increased CO2 and H+

39
Q

hypoxia stimulates endothelial cells to secrete __

A

NO (potent vasodilator)

40
Q

__ concentration of paracrine substances change as cells become more or less metabolically active

A

interstitial

41
Q

when occlusion removed, paracrines washed away and __ returns to resting state

A

arteriolar diameter

41
Q

list of vasoconstricting paracrines

A

-O2
-Endothelin
-Thromboxanes

42
Q

list of vasodilating paracrines

A

-CO2
-H+
-Adenosine
-K+
-Prostaglandins
-Bradykinin
-NO

43
Q

reflex control is the regulation of __ to adjust MAP to meet tissue demands

A

TPR

44
Q

TPR is changed to maintain MAP to have adequate blood flow to __

A

brain and heart

45
Q

reflex control is a function of the __

A

NS and ES

46
Q

reflex control can override __

A

local control

47
Q

with reflex control __ of little importance

A

parasympathetic

48
Q

reflex control increasing sympathetic activity increases __

A

TPR

49
Q

reflex control-
peripheral alpha receptors (a1)

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction

50
Q

other hormones that are vasocontrictors

A

-ADH
-ANGII

51
Q

reflex control-
central alpha receptors (a2)

A

inhibit sympathetic and epinephrine

52
Q

other hormones that are vasodilators

A

-ANP

53
Q

veins have how many layers?

A

3

54
Q

vein walls are __ than arteries

A

thinner

55
Q

compared to arteries, veins have less __

A

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

56
Q

compared to arteries, veins have higher __

A

compliance

57
Q

veins are highly distensible so they act as __

A

blood reservoirs (60% of TBV)

58
Q

mechanisms supporting venous return-

A

-venous valves
-respiratory pump
-skeletal muscle pump
-venoconstriction

59
Q

varicose veins have become __ because of incompetent valves

A

dilated and tortuous

60
Q

capillaries are composed of a single layer of __ cells

A

endothelial

61
Q

capillaries have a __ membrane

A

basement

62
Q

capillary exchange through the intercellular cleft occurs through __ filled spaces

A

narrow fluid

63
Q

capillary exchange through the fused vesicle channnel occurs when vesicles fuse to form __

A

water filled channel

64
Q

both the intercellular cleft anf fused vesicle channel move fluid and dissolved substances via __

A

bulk flow

65
Q

capillary exchange via __ transport

A

transcytosis and transepithelial

66
Q

capillary exchange via __ diffusion

A

simple

67
Q

metartiole/ thoroughfare channel has intermittent __

A

smooth muscle

68
Q

metartiole/ thoroughfare channel is the __ between arteriole and venule

A

most direct

69
Q

precapillalry sphincters are made of __

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

capillaries branch off of __

A

arteriole and metarteriole

71
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis direct connection between __

A

arteriole and vein

71
Q

rate of fluctation controlled primarily by __ in tissue

A

O2

71
Q

precapillary sphincters control __ to capillaries

A

entrance

71
Q

O2 low causes smooth muscle to be __ and blood takes __ path through capillary bed

A

relaxed, convoluted

72
Q

arteriovenous anastomosis has no __

A

exchange

72
Q

O2 high causes smooth muscle to be __ and blood takes __ path through capillary bed

A

contracted, most direct

73
Q

__ sphincters fluctuate between contracted and relaxed state

A

metartiole and precapillary

74
Q

velocity is __ in capillary beds

A

velocity

75
Q

why is velocity slowest in capillary beds?

A

greater cross- sectional area

76
Q

bulk flow is water distribution between __

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

77
Q

bulk flow is the movement of __ fluid

A

protein free

78
Q

bulk flow occurs through __ filled channels and __ spaces

A

water, intercellular

79
Q

bulk flow functions to distribute __ of ECF

A

H2O

79
Q

__ of fluid determined by ΔP

A

magnitude and direction

80
Q

bulk flow has 2 directions of fluid movement

A
  1. filtration (into interstitial fluid)
  2. absorption (into plasma)
81
Q

hydrostatic pressure of capillary is the force exerted by the fluid pressing against a __

A

capillary wall

82
Q

colloid osmotic pressure is the osmotic force created by __

A

impermeable plasma proteins

83
Q

net filtration pressure of fluid determines the __ of H2O via bulk flow

A

direction and magnitude

83
Q

colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid is the force exerted by __ in the interstitial space

A

impermeable proteins

84
Q

hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid force exerted by the __ in the interstitial space

A

fluid

85
Q

+ value= net __ of fluid out of capillaries to interstitial fluid

A

filtration

85
Q

veins hold __ of blood

A

60%

86
Q
  • value= net __ of fluid into capillaries from interstitial
A

absorption

87
Q

Collectively, systemic capillaries produce a net filtration of __ L/day

A

2-3

88
Q

Arteriolar __ alter PC and overall net filtration
pressure

A

dilation and constriction

89
Q

lymphatic system returns filtered __ to circulation

A

fluid and proteins

90
Q

lymphatic system transports absorbed fat from __ to circulation

A

small intestine

91
Q

lymphatic system also controls the __ system

A

immune

92
Q

mechanisms of lymph flow

A

-smooth muscle
-valves
-skeletal and thoracic pump

93
Q

edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __

A

interstitial space

94
Q

edema causes by increased __

A

Pc and Kf

95
Q

edema caused by decreased __

A

plasma protein concentration

96
Q

edema caused by impaired __

A

lymphatic drainage

97
Q

edema treatment

A
  1. ice
  2. elevation
  3. compression
98
Q

NFP=

A

Kf [(Pc + πif) – (πc + Pif)]

99
Q

what causes increased capillary permeability (Kf)?

A

-burn
-inflammation

99
Q

what increases Pc?

A

-arteriolar dilation
-venous constriction
-increased venous pressure
-heart failure

99
Q

what decreases πc?

A

decreased plasma protein

Physio (34 decks)

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