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Physio > Taste and smell > Flashcards

Taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

what are the peripheral organs of gustation?

A

taste papillae

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2
Q

taste buds are found in greater number in

A

children

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3
Q

taste papillae contain

A

taste buds

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4
Q

taste receptors are on __

A

cailia

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5
Q

what are the functional units of gustation?

A

taste buds

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6
Q

taste receptor cells are __ cells, not neurons

A

epithelial

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7
Q

3 cell types taste buds contain

A

-taste receptor cells
-supporting cells
-basal cells

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8
Q

taste receptors have a __ turnover rate

A

high

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9
Q

location of taste papillae

A
  • tongue
  • hard and soft palate
  • pharynx
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
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10
Q

Circumvallate Papillae are found on __ surface of tongue

A

dorsal

make a v shape

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11
Q

fungiform papillae __ surface of tongue

A

anterior dorsal

red dots

Ants Don’t like mushrooms (fungus)

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12
Q

Foliate Papillae found on the __ border of tongue

A

posterolateral

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13
Q

super tasters have more of what kind of papillae?

A

fungiform

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14
Q

how many different taste receptors?

A

5

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15
Q

extralingual papillae is found on

A
  • soft and hard palates
  • larynx
  • epiglottis
  • pharynx
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16
Q

filiform papillae are __

A

non- gustatory (increase surface area)

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17
Q

what are the most numerous papillae?

A

filiform

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18
Q

all tastants must dissolve in __

A

saliva

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19
Q

what tastes are accounted for by taste receptor genes (TR1 and TR2) use the G protein gustducin?

A

sweet, bitter, and umami

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20
Q

Sweet Bitter, and umami use what type of receptors?

A

metabatropic

(g protien coupled)

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21
Q

Individual taste receptor cells are sensitive to a specific __

A

taste stimulus

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22
Q

whats vital for normal gustation?

A

olfaction

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23
Q

what tastes are accounted for by ion channel linked receptors?

A

sour and salty

ionotropic

think salt NaCL and Sour H+ both are ions

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24
Q

the G protein used to detect sweet, bitter, and umami is called

A

gustducin

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25
Q

sour taste stimulated by __

A

H+

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26
Q

sour taste is a __ taste

A

protective

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27
Q

sour taste candidate receptors

A
  • Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)
  • H+ channels
  • blockade of K+ channels
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28
Q

sour taste strongly linked to __ and contraction of __ muscles

A

salivation, facial

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29
Q

what is an agonist of sweet?

A

Miraculin

makes sour taste sweet

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30
Q

with sour taste all potential mechanisms lead to

A

depolarization of receptor cells

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31
Q

what stimuli can stimulate sweets?

A
  • sugars
  • glycols
  • alcohols
  • artificial sweeteners
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32
Q

when eating sweets what proteins make a dimer that is G- protein linked?

A

T1R2, T1R3

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33
Q

what receptor family is important when tasting sweets?

A

T1R

every ONE loves sweets

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34
Q

when using artifcial sweeteners why are you able to use less?

A

lower threshold

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35
Q

bitter taste is a protective taste by having the __ number of receptors and lowest threshold for __

A

higher, perception

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36
Q

bitter taste stimuli are usually organic such as

A
  • K+
  • denatonium
  • caffeine
  • strychnine
  • quinine
  • nicotine
  • broccoli
  • brussel sprouts
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37
Q

bitter taste has multiple receptors (50-80) in __ family

A

T2R

too(2) bitter

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38
Q

bitter is a protective taste which means there are

A
  • the most receptors
  • lowest threshold
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39
Q

Denatonium salts are colorless and
odorless solids that are used to prevent

A

inappropriate ingestion

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40
Q

salty taste mostly stimulated by __ and somewhat by __

A

Na+, Cl-

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41
Q

salty taste receptors

A

-ENaC (Na+ channel)
-Cl- via paracellular transport

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42
Q

stimulus for umami

A

monosodium glutamate

enhanced by ribonucleotides

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43
Q

umami receptor

A

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGLuR4 receptor)

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44
Q

taste signaling cascade (1)- molecules bind causing __ to be released into cytosol via G protein signaling and __

A

Ca2+, IP3

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45
Q

taste signaling cascade (2)- Ca2+ activates __ channels allows sodium to enter and for cell to depolarize

A

TrpM5

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46
Q

what 3 receptors use a-gustducin?

A

Sweet
Bitter
Umami

47
Q

what substances tend to have the lowest threshold?

A

bitter

48
Q

taste signaling cascade (3)- the combination of Na+ and Ca2+ opens __ channels, releasing __ from the cell

A

pannexin, ATP

a comes before u

49
Q

taste signaling cascade (4)- this activates __ receptors on sensory nerve fibers innervating the __

A

puringeric, taste buds

50
Q

what system evokes the sensation of taste in the mouth?

A

chemoreceptors

51
Q

taste specificity at __ concentrations

A

low ligand

52
Q

taste receptors may also be found in the

A

stomach, bile duct, intestines, bronchi and kidneys

in these areas they have other functions than taste

53
Q

what else do people rely on taste from beside the 5 receptors?

A
  • SMELL
  • pain
  • temp., etc
54
Q

taste perception is best at

A

low ligand concentration

55
Q

supertasters have more

A

taste buds and afferent gustatory neurons

56
Q

with taste adaption only _____ happens at the receptor

A

50%

57
Q

taste receptor cells synapse with what?

A

first order neurons

58
Q

taste receptors have __ innervation

A

redundant, bilateral

59
Q

taste receptor neurons enter the CNS via nerves

A

VII, IX, X

7,9,and 10

60
Q

facial nerve (VII) innervates the chorda tympani branch which is the

A

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

61
Q

facial nerve (VII) innervates the greater petrosal superficial nerve which is the

A

papillae on soft palate

62
Q

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) innervates

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

63
Q

vagus nerve (CN X) innervates the

A

pharynx, epiglottis, larynx

64
Q

Second Order Neurons Cell bodies in the __ division of the nucleus of the solitary
tract (in the medulla)

A

gustatory

65
Q

Gustatory travels

A

on same side does not cross over

66
Q

The NTS is a important __ nucleus*

A

sensory

taste, chemo receptors, aortic bodies

67
Q

NTS is

A
  • where 1st and 2nd order synapse
  • in medulla
68
Q

Third Order Neurons Cell bodies in the __ nucleus of the thalamus

A

ventral posteromedial

69
Q

the cribriform plate contains the

A

olfactory sensory neurons for smell

70
Q

with smell it comes in contact right away with

A

nerouns

71
Q

what is found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

free nerve endings

72
Q

olfactory cells are __ neurons

A

primary neurons

73
Q

olfactory receptor cells are __ neurons

A

bipolar

74
Q

olfactory membrane contains these types of cells

A

olfactory, supporting and basal cells

75
Q

olfactory receptor cells pass through cribriform plate to synapse with __ in the olfactory bulb

A

mitral cells

76
Q

basal cells become

olfaction

A

receptor every 60 days

77
Q

what type of cells are located in the area of olfaction

A
  • olfactory cells
  • basal cell
  • sustenacular
  • bowmans glands
78
Q

glomeruli is where

A

axons from olfactory cells synapse with mitral cell

79
Q

the resting potential in the olfactory receptor is

A

-55mV

able to have continuous AP

80
Q

olfactory cells generate __ APs

A

CONTINUOUS

81
Q

centrifugal nerve
fibers pass from the olfactory regions of the brain backward along the olfactory tract and
terminate on special __ cells in the olfactory bulb, the __ cells

A

inhibitory, granule

82
Q

Mitral cells communicate with

A

(CNS) olfactory cortex

in the temporal lobe

83
Q

granule cell

A

inhibits further signal with olfaction

84
Q

olfactory receptors are ALWAYS __ coupled receptors coupled to __

A

G-protein, adenylyl cyclase

85
Q

to be perceived odorants need to be

A
  • volatile
  • partially water and liquid soluble
  • reach the olfactory mucosa
86
Q

Increased levels of cAMP open __ channels to __ the olfactory neuron

A

Na+, depolarize

87
Q

what causes termination of an odor?

A
  • diffuse away
  • be broken down
  • adaptation
88
Q

__ of adaptation is achieved in the first second

A

50%

89
Q

Olfactory receptor proteins are NOT dedicated to __ odorants

A

single

90
Q

Different olfactory receptor proteins respond differently to the

A

same odorants

91
Q

The olfactory tract enters the brain
at the junction between the

A

midbrain and cerebrum

92
Q

2 pathways for the olfactory nerve

A
  • medial/ primitive olfactory system
  • lateral olfactory area
93
Q

what are the two types of lateral olfactory divisions?

A

*less old olfactory
* new system

94
Q

Medial Olfactory Area is to __ system for olfactory reflexes

A

hypothalamus and limbic

95
Q

Medial Olfactory Area activates

A

olfactory reflexes

96
Q

The Less Old Olfactory
System is aversion to __ and __ foods

A

toxic, unhealthy

autonomic but learned

97
Q

The Less Old Olfactory is to

A

limbic system (hippocampus)

98
Q

The Less Old Olfactory is

A

autonomic, but learned

99
Q

Newer System is __ perception and analysis of olfaction

A

conscious

100
Q

Newer System is to

A

orbitofrontal cortex

temporal lobe

101
Q

what disorder is associated with aging?

A

olfactory disorders not gustatory

102
Q

what may predict alzheimer’s

A

olfactory disorders

103
Q

normguesia

A

normal gustation

104
Q

hypoguesia

A

reduced gustation

105
Q

hyperguesia

A

increased gustation

106
Q

paraguesia

A

bad taste when it is nomaly not bad

107
Q

aguesia

A

no gustation

108
Q

agnosia

A

can’t catergorize

can be gustation or olfaction

109
Q

normosmia

A

normal olfaction

110
Q

hyposmia

A

reduced olfaction

111
Q

hyperosmia

A

increased olfaction

112
Q

parosmia

A

bad smell with something that isnt bad

113
Q

aosmia

A

no olfaction

Physio (34 decks)

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