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Physio > General endocrinology > Flashcards

General endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system is __ but longer lasting compared to the NS

A

slower

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2
Q

all hormones regulate these 3 types of things

A
  1. homeostasis maintenance
  2. growth and differentiation
  3. reproduction
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3
Q

what are steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

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4
Q

protein/polypeptide hormones are synthesized first as __ then converted to __

A

preprohormone, prohormone

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5
Q

prohormone is cleaved into __ and packaged into vesicles

A

active hormone

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6
Q

with prohormones what is secreted by the endocrine cell?

A

inactive fragments

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7
Q

proteins and polypeptide hormones are __ until needed

A

stored

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8
Q

protein and polypeptide come from

location

A
  • hypothalmus
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
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9
Q

steroid hormones are synthesized __ rather than being stored

A

on demand

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10
Q

aldosterone is a __

A

mineralocorticoids

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11
Q

cortisol is a __

A

glucocorticoids

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12
Q

androgens (estrogens) is a __

A

estradiol

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13
Q

steroid hormones bind to __ receptors

A

intracellular

nuclear or cytoplasmic

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14
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

-aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
-cortisol (adrenal cortex)
-estradiol (ovaries)

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15
Q

amine hormones are derived from what amino acid?

A

tyrosine

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16
Q

amine hormones include __ hormone and __ neurohormones

A

-thyroid
-adrenal medullary

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17
Q

amine hormones are produced and __ until needed

A

stored

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18
Q

thyroid hormones bind to the protein __

A

thyroglobulin

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19
Q

__ amine hormones are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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20
Q

what are examples of amine hormones?

A
  • dopamine
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • thyroid hormones
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21
Q

binding proteins __ the hormones half life

A

prolong

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22
Q

what is the active form of the hormone?

A

the free/ unbound hormone

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23
Q

what hormones circulate in their free form?

A

amines, peptides, protein hormones

APP is free

24
Q

what hormones are bound to specific transport proteins?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

25
Q

what can nonspecifically bind to hormones?

A

globulin and albumin

26
Q

where are most binding proteins synthesized at?

A

liver

27
Q

what hormone follows the circadian rhythm?

A

cortisol

28
Q

what hormone has a pulsatile secretion?

A

growth

29
Q

the location of receptors depends on the __ properties of the hormone

A

chemical (lipophobic, lipophilic)

30
Q

ligand/ receptor binding demonstrates __

A

specificity, affinity, saturation

31
Q

polypeptide, protein, and amine hormones __ existing proteins

A

activate or inhibit

32
Q

thyroid and steroid hormones create __

A

new protein

33
Q

where do Amine, polypeptides, and protiens bind?

A

in the plasma membrane

to g-coupled protiens

34
Q

what hormones have widely distributed receptors?

A

insulin and thyroid hormones

35
Q

how do you achieve specific tissue activation?

A

receptor number varies in different tissues

36
Q

nuclear hormone receptors found in either __

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

37
Q

What bind to G-protien coupled recpetors?

A

B adrengic
Glucagon
Vasopression
Angiotension 2

BAG VAT

38
Q

When things bind to the nuclear receptor they

A

increase or decrease gene expression

39
Q

hormone receptor complex binds to responsive element in __ to activate or inhibit transcription

A

promoter region

40
Q

what hormone interaction causes two hormones to have opposite effects?

A

antagonism

41
Q

what hormone interaction causes one hormone to effect the variable and when adding a second variable it causes the first response to increase?

A

synergistic

42
Q

what hormone interaction causes the presence of one hormone to be needed to let another hormone have its full effect?

A

permissiveness

43
Q

what hormones have hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets?

A

tropic

44
Q

order of hormone secretion

A

hypothalamus-> anterior pituitary-> endocrine gland-> hormone-> target tissue

45
Q

short term negative feedback example

A

from anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

short distance

46
Q

long term feedback receptor

A

comes from the hormone itself

travels far

47
Q

primary endocrine disorders is an issue with the __ gland in the endocrine series

A

LAST

48
Q

secondary endocrine disorders is an abnormality in __ hormone

A

tropic

49
Q

causes of primary hyposecretion

A

-destruction of gland
-dietary deficiency
-enzyme deficiency for hormone synthesis

50
Q

what can lead to primary hypersecretion?

A

endocrine gland tumor

51
Q

secondary disorder there is an abnormality in the

A

tropic hormone

52
Q

secondary hypothyrodism disorder there’s a problem with __ (__________) leading to decreased __

A

TSH, (decreased), T3 and T4

53
Q

primary hypo/hyperthyriodism disorder due to abnormality in __

A

thyroid gland

last gland

54
Q

secondary endocrine disorder due to abnormality in __

A

hypothalamus or anterior pituitary

55
Q

diagnostic tests of endocrine function

A

-plasma and urine hormone levels
-stimulation or suppression
-autoantibodies
-hormone receptor presence and affinity
-imagining

Physio (34 decks)

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