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Physio > CNS overiew and voluntary motor control pathways > Flashcards

CNS overiew and voluntary motor control pathways Flashcards

1
Q

what plays a key role in the afferent and efferent pathway?

A

the thalamus (part of diencephalon)

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2
Q

efferent is

A

motor

PNS

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3
Q

afferent is

A

sensory

PNS

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4
Q

thalamic excitation of the cerebral cortex is necessary for almost all what?

A

cortical activity

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5
Q

Efferent is

direction

A

from the CNS

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6
Q

axons are found in

A

white matter

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7
Q

synapses are found in

A

gray matter

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8
Q

Afferent is

direction

A

to the CNS

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9
Q

sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the

A

dorsal root

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10
Q

sensory neurons synapse with interneurons and motor neurons in the

A

grey matter

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11
Q

motor neurons exit the spinal cord via the

A

ventral root

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12
Q

spinal cord gray matter composed of __ and surrounded by white matter composed of __

A

neuron cell bodies and interneurons, neuron axons

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13
Q

dorsal columns and
spinothalamic tract contains

A

ascending sensory axons

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14
Q

Corticospinal tract is

A

motor

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15
Q

Dorsal column is sensory for

A

touch and vibration

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16
Q

Corticospinal, Spinothalamic, and Dorsal Column are all found in

A

white matter

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17
Q

corticospinal tract contains

A

descending motor axons

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18
Q

six parts of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. midbrain
  4. pons
  5. medulla oblongata
  6. cerebellum
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19
Q

2 parts of cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

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20
Q

parts of diencephalon

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
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21
Q

two cerebral hemispheres

A

left and right

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22
Q

four cerebral lobes

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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23
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract controls

A

pain and temp.

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24
Q

Brodmann classification uses __ to label areas of the cortex where __ physiological functions reside

A

numbers, localized

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25
Q

frontal lobe and its specialized areas

A

Premotor and Primary
Motor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, Broca’s Area

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26
Q

parietal lobe and its specialized areas

A

Primary Sensory Cortex,
Primary Gustatory
Cortex

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27
Q

temporal lobe and its specialized areas

A

Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area

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28
Q

occipital lobe and its specialized areas

A

Primary visual cortex

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29
Q

For each sensory modality, there is a __ area and modality- specific __ areas

A

primary, association

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30
Q

primary area

A

is what allows you to be able to do something

ex. smell of to grab

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31
Q

association area

A

meaning associated with
is able to anaylze and give meaning

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32
Q

Disruption in hearing would be which lobe?

A

temporal

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33
Q

association areas receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of

A

sensory, motor and subcortical areas

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34
Q

in what percent of people is the left hemisphere dominant?

A

95%

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35
Q

what does the left hemisphere contain?

A

wernicke’s area and broca’s area

in a right handed person

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36
Q

what leads to dominant right handness in most people?

A

motor controlling hands in the left hemisphere

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37
Q

what is they gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum known as?

A

cerebral cortex

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38
Q

the cerebral cortex contains

A

neuron cell bodies

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39
Q

what allows for info stored in one hemisphere to be shared to the opposite hemisphere?

A

corpus callosum

along with others this is one example given

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40
Q

severing the corpus callosum would prevent what info from the right side would not reach the general interpretive area?

A

somatic and visual info for decision making

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41
Q

what lobe would be injured with paresthesia or an impaired ability to localize or measure the intensity of painful stimuli or impaired perception of various forms of cutaneous
sensation?

A

parietal lobe

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42
Q

what lobe would be injured with visual hallucinations as flashes of light, rainbows, brilliant stars, or bright lines?

A

occipital lobe

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43
Q

what lobe would be injured with buzzing and roaring sensations
and/or mild hearing loss?

A

temporal lobe

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44
Q

the prefrontal association area (cortex) keeps track of many pieces of info __ and recall info as needed (__ memory)

A

simultaneously, working

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45
Q

the prefrontal association area (cortex) decreases

A

aggressiveness and inappropriate social responses

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46
Q

broca’s and wenicke’s areas are in the left cerebral hemisphere in almost all __ handed individuals

A

right

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47
Q

what lobe would be injured with seizures that begin as focal twitching and spread contralateral flaccid paresis, or paralysis?

A

frontal lobe

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48
Q

the prefrontal association area (cortex) allow the ability to progress toward __ or to carry through __ thoughts

A

goals, sequential

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49
Q

broca’s area responsible for

A

production of speech

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50
Q

wernickes area responsible for

A

interpreation of spoken and written language

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51
Q

basal nuclei are considered an

A

accessory motor system

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52
Q

wernickes aphasia known as

A

fluent, receptive (can speak but jumbled and does not make sense)

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53
Q

broca’s aphasia known as

A

non- fluent, expressive (limited language)

speaks in long complete sentences often have no meaning and include adding unecessarry words and ever creating made- up words

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54
Q

basal nuceli are associated with the

A

frontal lobe and corticospinal descending pathway

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55
Q

the basal nuclei forms __ pathways

A

2 (direct and indirect)

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56
Q

the basal nuclei direct pathway __ cortical excitation and promotes __

A

increased, movement

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57
Q

the basal nuclei indirect pathway __ cortical activity and __ movement

A

inhibits, inhibit

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58
Q

hyperkinetic disorders such as huntington are due to damage to what pathway?

A

indirect

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59
Q

disorders of the basal nuclei cause movement disorders known as

A

dyskinesias

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60
Q

hypokinetic disorders such as parkinson’s are due to damage to what pathway?

A

direct (bradykinesia)

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61
Q

what disease is due to damage to the basal nucleu direct pathway?

A

parkinsion

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62
Q

what disease is due to damage to the basal nucleu indirect pathway

A

huntington’s

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63
Q

the diencephalon includes the

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
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64
Q

the thalamus acts as a __ relay for info for the cerebral cortex

A

sensory

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65
Q

the thalamus has __ control pathways that synapse in it

A

motor

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66
Q

hypothalamus involved in maintaining

A

homeostasis

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67
Q

the hypothalamus impacts which systems?

A
  • autonomic
  • endocrine
  • limbic
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68
Q

the epithalamus contains the __ that secretes __

A

pineal body, melatonin

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69
Q

the epithalamus aids in the regulation of

A

circadian rhythms

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70
Q

the subthalamus is involved in the basal nuclei and control of

A

voluntary movement

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71
Q

output from the amygdala to the __ results in activation of fight or flight

A

hypothalamus

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72
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

if you ever saw a hippo on campus you would remember it

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73
Q

amygdala

A

fear response

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74
Q

damage to the subthalamus causes

A

hemiballismus (sudden, involuntary movements)

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75
Q

the neuronal circuitry is involved in

A

emotion and memory

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76
Q

the limbic system consists of cortical and diecephalic structures found in the __ aspect of each hemisphere

A

medial

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77
Q

what structure is responsible for the response of fear?

A

amygdala

78
Q

what is an important output for the limbic system for the expression of emotions because its efferent connections coordinate?

A

hypothalamus

79
Q

higher cortical areas integrate sensory info with learned experience and produce

A

descending input to the amygdala

80
Q

the midbrain contains these centers for motor control

A

-substantia nigra
-red nucleus
-superior and inferior colliculi

81
Q

the midbrain contains the nuclei of the

A

reticular formation

82
Q

periaqueductal Gray Region is known to be a

A

pain supressing pathway

works with the medulla

83
Q

the midbrain contains the __ gray region (PAG)

A

periaqueductal

84
Q

the __ tract rises from the superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain

A

tectospinal

85
Q

inferior colliculi responds to __ stimuli

A

auditory

head turning

86
Q

substania nigra communicates with the

A

basal nuclei

87
Q

the tectospinal tract causes heading turning in response to sudden

A

visual or auditory stimuli

88
Q

Midbrian is the center for

A

skeletal motor control

89
Q

superior colliculi responds to __ stimuli

A

visual

head tunrin

90
Q

morphine and endogenous opioid peptides also act in the midbrain Periaqueductal Gray
(PAG) to induce

A

analgesia (dampens pain)

works with things in the medula

91
Q

the pons contains the pneumotaxis center which regulates centers in the

A

medulla

92
Q

the pons contains __ for motor control

A

pontine reticular and vestibular nuclei

93
Q

the pons contains nuclei of

A

reticular formation

94
Q

the pneumotaxic center activation __ inspiration time and __ respiration rate

A

limits, increases

95
Q

the pons contains the __ center (along with the medulla oblongata)

A

swallowing

96
Q

cerebellum injuries results in

A

balance and coordination issues (not paralysis)

97
Q

the cerebellum is involved in motor control of

A

posture, muscle tone and repeated motor functions

98
Q

the medulla oblongata contains __ control centers

A

autonomic (respiratory, swallowing, <3, vomiting )

99
Q

the medulla oblongata is the most __ portion of brainstem and is continuous with __

A

inferior, spinal cord

100
Q

the medulla oblongata contains the nucleus raphe __ that secreates __

A

magnus, serotonin

101
Q

the medulla oblongata contains the rostral __ medulla that secretes __

A

ventromedial, norepinephrine

102
Q

the nucleus raphe magnus and roastral ventromedial medulla releases NT onto dorsal horn neurons to

A

reduce acending pain signals

103
Q

the medulla oblongata contains medullary __ nuclei

A

reticular (motor)

104
Q

the medulla oblongata contains __ (motor axons of the corticospinal tract)

A

pyramids

105
Q

pyramids of the medulla are

A

motor axons of the corticospinal tract

can cross over to the other side

106
Q

the medulla oblongata contains nuclei for the __ formation

A

reticular

107
Q

nerve signals in the brainstem activate the cerebrum by activating

A

neurohormonal systems

108
Q

neurohormonal systems release specific __ substances into selected areas of the brain

A

facilitatory or inhibitory

109
Q

reticular excitatory activating system (RAS) in the brainstem activates the cortex via the

A

thalamus

-projects to both hemispheres

110
Q

what increases the activity of the excitatory area in RAS?

A

pain signals

111
Q

what is one of the excitatory NT for RAS?

A

ACH

112
Q

conciousness is maintained by the normal functioning of the RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections to the

A

thalamus and cerebral hemispheres

113
Q

coma results from lesions that affect either the

A

RAS or both cerebral hemispheres

114
Q

what depresses the RAS in the brainstem which controls consciousness?

A

barbiturates

115
Q

where is RAS found

A

in all portions of the brain stem

116
Q

the RAS is like an

A

“internal alarm clock”

117
Q

acetylcholine is involved in?

A

cognitive functions, especially memory

118
Q

Cholinergic projections

A

Acetylcholine

119
Q

what areas are most affected with alzeimers disease?

A

hippocampus and temporal lobes

120
Q

alzherimer’s disease due to degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the __ that project throughout the cortex

A

nucleus basalis of meynert

121
Q

Serotonergic projections

A

serotonin

122
Q

what are some examples of what serotonin influences?

A

sleep, temp. regulation, nocicpetion, appetite, etc.

123
Q

what are treatments for alzheimers disease?

A

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA (Glutamate receptor) antagonist

increase Ach

124
Q

raphe nuclei are located where?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

125
Q

Dopaminergic projections

A

dopamine

126
Q

The physiological processes under
dopaminergic control include

A

cognition, motor activity, reward, emotion

127
Q

Nucleus Raphe Magnus is
involved in dampening

A

ascending pain (nocicpetive) signals

128
Q

Neurons in the Ventral
Tegmental Area project to
the Nucleus __ and the __ Cortex

A

Accumbens, prefrontal

129
Q

In the Ventral
Tegmental Area dysfunction in this pathway
is associated with

A

addiction, schizophrenia, and psychoses

130
Q

________ secretes dopamine

A

substantia nigra

in the midbrian

131
Q

Noradrenergic projections

A

norepinephrine

132
Q

Norepinephrine impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory
synaptic transmission leading to

A

attention and arousal

133
Q

depression is suggested to be related to the amount or function of cortical and limbic

A

serotonin, norepineephrine, dopamine

134
Q

All classes of antidepressants
appear to enhance the synaptic availability of

A

5-HT, norepinephrine, or dopamine

135
Q

UMNs from the
cerebral cortex
initiate and direct
sequences of
__ movement (__ pathway)

A

voluntary, pyramidal

can crossover

136
Q

Other UMNs
originate in motor
centers in the
brainstem (Extrapyramidal
Pathways) and direct
subconscious

A

muscle tone, posture, balance, and orientation of the head and body

137
Q

Damage to UMN
causes spastic
paralysis on
muscles on the
__ side of the
body

A

OPPOSITE

do to cross over

138
Q

Damage to the LMN
causes flaccid
paralysis of muscles
on the __ side of
the body

A

SAME

139
Q

Synapsing between
the UMN and LMN
occurs in the

A

ventral gray horn

140
Q

The LMN is cholinergic and releases __ that binds to __ receptors on skeletal muscle

A

ACH, nicotinic

141
Q

3 parts of the motor cortex

A

-premotor area/ cortex
-supplementary motor area/ cortex
-primary motor area/ cortex

142
Q

the premotor area determines the overall __ plan

A

motor

143
Q

motor cortex is in the __ lobe

A

frontal

144
Q

More than half of the Primary Motor Cortex is devoted to controlling the muscle of the

A

hands and muscles of speech

145
Q

The supplementary motor cortex is involved in organizing or planning

A

motor sequences

more complex

146
Q

the premotor cortex sets __ at the start of planned movement

A

posture

147
Q

The Primary motor cortex (UMN) activates __ to execute the plan

A

specific muscle

causes plan to happen

148
Q

lesions in the supplementary motor cortex produce awkwardness when preforming complex activities and difficulty with

A

biannual; coordination

149
Q

corticospinal tract fibers originate in the motor cortex and descend through the

A

internal capsule of the cerebrum

150
Q

Axons from neurons in the Supplementary and Primary Motor Cortex make up the

A

Corticospinal (Lateral and Ventral) and corticobulbullar

151
Q

__ of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in
the medulla oblongata. These axons form the __ Corticospinal Tract of the spinal cord

A

90%, lateral

152
Q

distal muscles the 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and
these axons from the

A

anterior corticospinal tract

153
Q

Lateral Corcticospinal tract crosses over

A

in the medulla

154
Q

Anterior Corcticospinal crosses over

A

right before target

155
Q

corticospinal tract in the medulla oblongata, axons form bundles known as

A

the pyramids

can crossover

156
Q

Anterior Corcticospinal deals with

A

promixial mucsle in the pelvic gridle

157
Q

the distal muscles fibers decussate in the spinal cord __ synapsing with the __

A

before, LMN

158
Q

proximal muscles and distal muscles both synapse with the __ in the __ of the spinal cord

A

LMN, ventral horn

159
Q

corticobulbar tract fibers originate in the motor cortex and terminate on __ in the brainstem

A

nuclei

160
Q

corticobulbar tract innervate LMN that controls __ control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, etc.

A

conscious

161
Q

W

When cranial nerve controls a skeletal muscle____________ is the upper motor tract thats will activate the lower

A

corticobulibar

CN 3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12

162
Q

rubrospinal and tectospinal are located where?

A

rednucleus in midbrain, midbrain

163
Q

rubrospinal and tectospinal crossover where?

A

midbrain

164
Q

rubrospinal function of __ muscle tone and movement

A

upper limb

on the other side

165
Q

tectospinal functions to regulate the eye, head,
neck and UL position in
response to

A

visual and auditory stimuli

superior and inferior colliculi

166
Q

vestibulospianl location

A

vestibular nucleus

(pons and medula)

167
Q

reticulospinal location

A

medial RS (pons) and lateral RS (medulla)

168
Q

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal site of crossover

A

NONE

they are ipsilateral

169
Q

vestibulospinal functions to regulate __

A

balance and muscle tone

170
Q

reticulospinal fucntion to regulate muscle of the __ and limbs for posture to __ body movements

A

trunk, ongoing

171
Q

UMN Activity is Regulated by the __ via the Thalamus

A

Basal Nuclei

172
Q

The Basal Nuclei are involved in __ movement, __ unwanted movements, and establishing __

A

initiating, suppressing, muscle tone

173
Q

When the substania nigra is activated it

Dopaminergic

A

increases the direct pathway
more activity

Dopamine

174
Q

when the straital interneurons are active

A

decreases direct pathway
increases indirect(less motor)

Ach

175
Q

Cerebellum gets signals from the

A

muscle

176
Q

Cerebellum monitors the differences betwee the _________ movement and the

A

intended; and what is actually performed

177
Q

Lesions to the Cerebellum cause

A

alterations in
* gait
* balance
* coordination

not paralysis

178
Q

Dysmetria

A

over/undershoot of movement

179
Q

Dysdiaochokinesia

A

difficulty with rapid alternating movements

180
Q

what are the 3 functional zones of the Cerebellum?

A
  • spinocerebellum
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
181
Q

spinocerebellum recives info from

A

the muscle itself, and GTO

182
Q

spinocerebellum function

A

to coordinate body movement and muscle tone

183
Q

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

detect tension in muscle

184
Q

how does the info from the muscle and the GTO get to the spinocerebellum

A

the spinocerebellum tract

185
Q

Lesions to the spinocerebellum

A

ataxia
hypotonia

186
Q

vestibulocerebellum receives info from

A
  • CN 8
  • superior colliculi
  • visual cortex
187
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

balance and eye movements

188
Q

lesions to the vestibulocerebellum cause

A

vertigo
nystagmus (abnomal eye movements)

189
Q

cerebrocerebellum receives info from

A

cerbral cortex

there are two other she stated we do not need to worry about

190
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

planning and execution of movements

complex sequences

191
Q

lesions to the cerebrocerebellum cause

A
  • intention tremor
  • Dysdiaochokinesia
  • Dysmetria

Physio (34 decks)

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