Vector borne diseases

Question 1

What are vector borne diseases?

Answer 1

*Ehrlichiosis
*Anaplasmosis
*Lyme borreliosis
*Babesiosis
*Bartonellosis

Question 2

What are bacterial tick borne diseases?

Answer 2

*Ehrlichiosis
*Anaplasmosis
*Rickettsiosis
*Lyme borreliosis

Question 3

What are protozoal tick borne diseases?

Answer 3

*Babesiosis
*Hepatozoonosis

Question 4

What are viral tick borne diseases?

Answer 4

*Tick-borne encephalitis

Question 5

What tick can transmit ehrlichiosis?

Answer 5

Rhipicephalus sanguineous

Question 6

What does ehrlichiosis cause?

Answer 6

*Acute = asymptomatic to fever, weight loss, ocular signs + thrombocytopenia
*Subclinical = mild asymptomatic thrombocytopenia
*Chronic = mild to life threatening - PUPD, fever, lymphadenopathy + bleeding tendencies - Marrow disease = anaemia, thrombocytoapenia, pancytopenia

Question 7

How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed?

Answer 7

*Thrombocytopenia
*Serology - ELISA
*PCR to confirm
*Cytology - morula within monocytes

Question 8

How is ehrlichiosis treated + prevented?

Answer 8

*Doxycycline - for 28 days

*Tick control

Question 9

What ticks can transmit Anaplasmosis?

Answer 9

*Ixodes ricinus - A. phagocytophilum
*Rhipicephalus sanguineous - A. platys

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of anaplasmosis?

Answer 10

*A. phagocytophilum = Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis - more common as Ixodes in UK
=subclinical + self limiting - thrombocytopenia + ZOONOTIC

*A. platys = Canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis
=thrombocytopenia + self limiting

Question 11

How is Anaplasmosis diagnosed?

Answer 11

*Thrombocytopenia
*Cytology - morula within neutrophils / platelets
*Serology - ELISA
*PCR

Question 12

What is the treatment + prevention of Anaplasmosis?

Answer 12

*Doxycycline - for 14 days

*Tick control

Question 13

What causes lyme disease and what transmits it?

Answer 13

*Borrelia burgdorferi
*Ixodes ricinus

Question 14

What are clinical signs of borreliosis?

Answer 14

*Lyme arthritis = painful, swollen joints, joint effusion + fever
*Lyme nephritis = protein losing nephropathy + immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
*RARELY see a dog with clinical signs

*Humans can get cutaneous rash, neurologic + cardiac signs - RARELY seen in dogs

Question 15

How is lyme disease diagnosed?

Answer 15

*Clinical signs + antibodies
*Cytology - morula in joint effusion

Question 16

How is lyme disease treated+ prevented?

Answer 16

*Lyme arthritis = Doxycycline for 28days
*Lyme nephritis = Doxycycline for 3-6months
Tick control

Question 17

What ticks can transmit Babesiosis in dogs?

Answer 17

*Dermacentor reticularis
*Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of babesiosis?

Answer 18

*Intravascular haemolysis = pallor, jaundice, regenerative anaemia, haemoglobinuria, haemoglobinaemia
*Thrombocytopenia
*Lymphadenomegaly

Question 19

How is babesiosis diagnosed?

Answer 19

*Cytology
*Antibodies - IFAT

Question 20

How is babesia treated + prevented?

Answer 20

*Imidocarb
*Tick control

Question 21

What is a flea-borne disease?

Answer 21

*Bartonellosis - Bartonella henslae
-transmitted by Ctenocephalides felis

Question 22

What are clinical signs of bartonellosis?

Answer 22

*Dogs = endocarditis - fever, lethargy, lymphoadenomegaly, lameness, epistaxis + cough

*cats = asymptomatic - cat scratch disease in humans

Question 23

How is bartonellosis diagnosed?

Answer 23

*Culture
*PCR
*Serology - ELISA

Question 24

How is bartonellosis treated + prevented?

Answer 24

*Doxycycline + fluoroquinolone combination
*Flea control

Question 25

What are the 2 forms of leishmania?

Answer 25

*Amastigote - animal
*Promastigote - phlebotomus fly + flagellated

Question 26

What animals does leishmaniasis affect?

Answer 26

*Dogs
-RARELY ever cats

Question 27

When is leishmania around?

Answer 27

*May - November - warm months

Question 28

What are other transmission routes of leishmania?

Answer 28

*Transplacental
*Venereal - from infected males
*Blood transfusion

Question 29

What is the pathogenesis of leishmania?

Answer 29

*targets macrophages - (spleen, BM, lymph nodes + liver)
*long incubation period - persists in tissues
*with severe non self-limiting disease - Th2 = main response
*with clinically healthy but infected - self limiting disease - Th1 = main response

Question 30

What breeds tend to be susceptible to severe disease?

Answer 30

*Boxer
*Rottweiler
*Cocker spaniel
*German shepherd

Question 31

What breeds are resistant - self-limitng disease?

Answer 31

*Ibizan hound

Question 32

What are clinical signs of leishmania?

Answer 32

*Alopecia
*Ulcerative nasal lesions
*Papules + nodules
*Overgrown nails
*Uveitis, conjunctivitis + keratoconjuctivitis sicca (dry eye)

Question 33

What will leishmania show with testing?

Answer 33

*Serum proteins= hyperglobinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia
*Haematology = disorders of coagulation, non-regenerative anaemia
*Biochemistry = renal azotaemia, elevated liver enzymes
*Urinalysis = proteinuria

Question 34

How is leishmania diagnosed?

Answer 34

*Unspecific laboratory abnormalities
*Clinical signs
*History + signalment - breed predisposition + male <4 / >7yo + immunocompromised
*Cytology
*Histology
*PCR

Question 35

When and how would you treat leishmania?

Answer 35

*Treat only when has infection + associated clinical signs
*Allopurinol
+Leishmanicidial therapy = Meglumine antimoniate or Miltefosine

Question 36

How can leishmaniasis be prevented?

Answer 36

*Vector control - insect repellent - Synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin)
*Vaccines -Cani-leish - can’t serology vaccinated dogs

Question 37

When can leishmania treatment be stopped?

Answer 37

*Allopurinol continued for AT LEAST a year + maybe lifetime if not cleared
*Can stop if clinical recovery or antibody levels below cut off point