Vector borne diseases Flashcards
What are vector borne diseases?
*Ehrlichiosis
*Anaplasmosis
*Lyme borreliosis
*Babesiosis
*Bartonellosis
What are bacterial tick borne diseases?
*Ehrlichiosis
*Anaplasmosis
*Rickettsiosis
*Lyme borreliosis
What are protozoal tick borne diseases?
*Babesiosis
*Hepatozoonosis
What are viral tick borne diseases?
*Tick-borne encephalitis
What tick can transmit ehrlichiosis?
Rhipicephalus sanguineous
What does ehrlichiosis cause?
*Acute = asymptomatic to fever, weight loss, ocular signs + thrombocytopenia
*Subclinical = mild asymptomatic thrombocytopenia
*Chronic = mild to life threatening - PUPD, fever, lymphadenopathy + bleeding tendencies - Marrow disease = anaemia, thrombocytoapenia, pancytopenia
How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed?
*Thrombocytopenia
*Serology - ELISA
*PCR to confirm
*Cytology - morula within monocytes
How is ehrlichiosis treated + prevented?
*Doxycycline - for 28 days
*Tick control
What ticks can transmit Anaplasmosis?
*Ixodes ricinus - A. phagocytophilum
*Rhipicephalus sanguineous - A. platys
What are the clinical signs of anaplasmosis?
*A. phagocytophilum = Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis - more common as Ixodes in UK
=subclinical + self limiting - thrombocytopenia + ZOONOTIC
*A. platys = Canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis
=thrombocytopenia + self limiting
How is Anaplasmosis diagnosed?
*Thrombocytopenia
*Cytology - morula within neutrophils / platelets
*Serology - ELISA
*PCR
What is the treatment + prevention of Anaplasmosis?
*Doxycycline - for 14 days
*Tick control
What causes lyme disease and what transmits it?
*Borrelia burgdorferi
*Ixodes ricinus
What are clinical signs of borreliosis?
*Lyme arthritis = painful, swollen joints, joint effusion + fever
*Lyme nephritis = protein losing nephropathy + immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
*RARELY see a dog with clinical signs
*Humans can get cutaneous rash, neurologic + cardiac signs - RARELY seen in dogs
How is lyme disease diagnosed?
*Clinical signs + antibodies
*Cytology - morula in joint effusion
How is lyme disease treated+ prevented?
*Lyme arthritis = Doxycycline for 28days
*Lyme nephritis = Doxycycline for 3-6months
Tick control
What ticks can transmit Babesiosis in dogs?
*Dermacentor reticularis
*Rhipicephalus sanguineus
What are the clinical signs of babesiosis?
*Intravascular haemolysis = pallor, jaundice, regenerative anaemia, haemoglobinuria, haemoglobinaemia
*Thrombocytopenia
*Lymphadenomegaly
How is babesiosis diagnosed?
*Cytology
*Antibodies - IFAT
How is babesia treated + prevented?
*Imidocarb
*Tick control
What is a flea-borne disease?
*Bartonellosis - Bartonella henslae
-transmitted by Ctenocephalides felis
What are clinical signs of bartonellosis?
*Dogs = endocarditis - fever, lethargy, lymphoadenomegaly, lameness, epistaxis + cough
*cats = asymptomatic - cat scratch disease in humans
How is bartonellosis diagnosed?
*Culture
*PCR
*Serology - ELISA
How is bartonellosis treated + prevented?
*Doxycycline + fluoroquinolone combination
*Flea control
What are the 2 forms of leishmania?
*Amastigote - animal
*Promastigote - phlebotomus fly + flagellated
What animals does leishmaniasis affect?
*Dogs
-RARELY ever cats
When is leishmania around?
*May - November - warm months
What are other transmission routes of leishmania?
*Transplacental
*Venereal - from infected males
*Blood transfusion
What is the pathogenesis of leishmania?
*targets macrophages - (spleen, BM, lymph nodes + liver)
*long incubation period - persists in tissues
*with severe non self-limiting disease - Th2 = main response
*with clinically healthy but infected - self limiting disease - Th1 = main response
What breeds tend to be susceptible to severe disease?
*Boxer
*Rottweiler
*Cocker spaniel
*German shepherd
What breeds are resistant - self-limitng disease?
*Ibizan hound
What are clinical signs of leishmania?
*Alopecia
*Ulcerative nasal lesions
*Papules + nodules
*Overgrown nails
*Uveitis, conjunctivitis + keratoconjuctivitis sicca (dry eye)
What will leishmania show with testing?
*Serum proteins= hyperglobinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia
*Haematology = disorders of coagulation, non-regenerative anaemia
*Biochemistry = renal azotaemia, elevated liver enzymes
*Urinalysis = proteinuria
How is leishmania diagnosed?
*Unspecific laboratory abnormalities
*Clinical signs
*History + signalment - breed predisposition + male <4 / >7yo + immunocompromised
*Cytology
*Histology
*PCR
When and how would you treat leishmania?
*Treat only when has infection + associated clinical signs
*Allopurinol
+Leishmanicidial therapy = Meglumine antimoniate or Miltefosine
How can leishmaniasis be prevented?
*Vector control - insect repellent - Synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin)
*Vaccines -Cani-leish - can’t serology vaccinated dogs
When can leishmania treatment be stopped?
*Allopurinol continued for AT LEAST a year + maybe lifetime if not cleared
*Can stop if clinical recovery or antibody levels below cut off point
