Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD > SA Thoracic imaging > Flashcards

SA Thoracic imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions won’t come up on radiographs?

A

Acute viral pneumonia
Acute + chronic tracheobronchitis
Lungworm
Upper airway disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What should you consider with your radiographic technique?

A

*Prevent rotation
*Wedges under sternum
*General anaesthesia vs. sedation?
*Beware of GA atelectasis
*Keep in sternal recumbency
*Always take DV first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 steps of interpretation?

A
  1. Assess radiograph overall
  2. Systematic approach
    3.Normal or Abnormal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does phase of respiration affect interpretation?

A

*Lungs larger + less opaque on inspiration
*Heart looks relatively smaller?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does obesity affect interpretation?

A

*Wide mediastinum
*Increased apparent opacity of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does species difference affect interpretation?

A

*Psoas muscles in cats is seen
*Differences in cardiac shape/size and thoracic conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does effect of recumbency affect interpretation?

A

*Different positions of diaphragmatic crura in left vs right lateral
*Cardiac silhouette differs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does decreased opacity in the pleural space indicate?

A

*Pneumothorax
*Retraction of lungs from thoracic margins (and lung atelectasis)
*Elevation of cardiac silhouette from sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does increased opacity indicate?

A

*Usually artefact - poor technique / obesity
*Due to increased fluid/cells or loss of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Considering the ribs what should be assessed?

A

*All ribs assessed individually
*Check that they’re normal in number, shape, opacity, size + position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How should you classify mediastinum masses?

A

*Classify according to location
*Cranioventral
*Central
*Craniodorsal
*Caudoventral/ caudodorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the most common location for mediastinal masses and why?

A

*Cranioventral
*Often lymph nodes / thymus
*May displace other mediastinal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes decreased opacity?

A

1.Increased gas
2.Decreased soft tissue/fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What conditions have apparent decreased opacity?

A

*Pneumothorax
*Pneumomediastinum
*Subcutaneous emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can cause diffuse decreased opacity?

A

*Artefact
*Hypovolaemia
*Hyperinflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can cause focal decreased opacity?

A

*Cavitatory lung lesion
*Emphysema
*Thromboembolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does lung swelling / collapse affect the mediastinum?

A

*Lung swelling = pushed mediastinum away
*Lung collapse = pulls mediastinum towards it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common cranioventral problem?

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common caudodorsal problem?

A

Oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are generalised lung problems?

A

*Haemorrhage
*Metastatic neoplasia
*Atelectasis
*Oedema
*Fibrosis
*Bronchitis

21
Q

What are peripheral lung problems?

A

*Parasitic pneumonia
*Contusion
*Infarction
*Metastases (nodules)

22
Q

What are the 4 components of the lung?

A

*Bronchi
*Blood vessels
*Interstitial tissue
*Alveolar air spaces

23
Q

What are bronchial patterns?

A

increased visibility of bronchial walls (Thickened or increased opacity)

24
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of bronchial patterns?

A

*Calcification (increased opacity)
*Chronic bronchitis
*Peribronchial cuffing

25
Q

What in the bronchi is a sign of chronic + severe disease?

A

Bronchiectasis = widened bronchi

26
Q

What is an alveolar pattern?

A

*Cells+/- fluid replaces air in alveoli
*Increased lung opacity
*Border effacement of adjacent structures
*May see air bronchograms
*Lobar sign if entire lobe affected

27
Q

What are the diffuse differential diagnoses for alveolar pattern?

A

*Pneumonia
*Oedema (non-cardiogenic/cardiogenic)
*Haemorrhage

28
Q

What are the focal differential diagnoses for alveolar pattern?

A

*Pneumonia
*Oedema
*Haemorrhage
*Primary/secondary lung tumour
*Lobar collapse/atelectasis
*Infarct
*Lung lobe torsion

29
Q

What is interstitial pattern?

A

*Cells or fluid in interstitial tissue
*Should not completely efface soft tissue structures (vessels, diaphragm etc)
*Blood vessels less distinctly seen

30
Q

Why is interstitial pattern commonly thought to be artefactual?

A

Expiration
Obesity
Underexposure

31
Q

What are the diffuse differential diagnoses of interstitial pattern?

A

*Artefact
*“Ageing”
*Lymphoma
*Diffuse metastases
*Pneumonitis (viral, parasitic, metabolic, toxic)
*Disease in transition

32
Q

What can cause nodular interstitial pattern?

A

*Secondary neoplasia
*Artefactual nodules
*Mistaken for end of blood vessels or skin masses (nipples)

33
Q

What does the cardiac silhouette include?

A

Cardiac silhouette is summation of heart, pericardial contents and pericardium

34
Q

What are the 2 pathogenesis of backwards heart failure?

A

1.Vena caval congestion = hepatic congestion, ascites + pleural effusion
2. Pulmonary venous congestion = pulmonary oedema

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of forwards heart failure?

A

Pulmonary artery / aorta = reduced CO

36
Q

Which side of the heart is cranial and what is the ratio of heart when looking from the side?

A

Right side = cranial
2:1 Right : Left

37
Q

What is the vertebral heart score?

A

Compare size of heart (sum of lung and short axis) to vertebral length (T4)

38
Q

What occurs with left sided disease?

A

*Tracheal elevation (to parallel to spine)
*Straightening of the caudal cardiac border
=both cause left ventricular enlargement
*Left atrial enlargement or “tenting”

39
Q

What occurs with right sided disease?

A

*Increase in cardiac width and rounding of right side
*Increased R:L ratio
*Reverse D shape on DV view
*Sternal contact

40
Q

How would you assess size of cranial lobar vessels?

A

Usually not significantly wider than the proximal third of the fourth rib

41
Q

How would you assess size of caudal lobar vessels?

A

Usually not significantly wider than the ninth rib where they cross

42
Q

What can be seen with pulmonic stenosis?

A

*Can see post-stenotic bulge of the main pulmonary artery
*Consequent right-sided enlargement due to pressure overload

43
Q

What is seen with patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Most common congenital CV anomaly
*3 knuckle buldge seen
*Increased pulmonary flow, left sided enlargement and aortic enlargement

44
Q

What is seen in mitral valve disease?

A

*Tends to be smaller breed dogs
*Typical pattern of progressive left atrial enlargement
*Ultimately pulmonary oedema (when in failure)

45
Q

What is seen in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

*Often larger breed dogs
*Often significant cardiomegaly if clinical (may be less obvious if deep chested)
*Significant left atrial +/- right sided enlargement

46
Q

What is seen in feline cardiomyopathies?

A

*Hypertrophic (HCM) (the most common)
-Dilated (DCM)
-Restrictive (RCM)
-Unclassified (UCM)
*Chamber enlargement less specific in cats
*May see more generalised cardiomegaly

47
Q

What is seen with a pericardial effusion?

A

*Fluid within pericardial space (idiopathic/secondary to masses)
*Round and sometimes well-defined cardiac silhouette (especially on DV)

48
Q

What is seen with persistent right aortic arch?

A

*Left displacement of trachea and deviation to left consistent sign
*May see ventral tracheal deviation and focal megaoesophagus

49
Q

What can result in microcardia?

A

*Hypovolaemia can result in microcardia and hypovascular lungs

MOD (103 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions