Disease of Equine head + neck 2 Flashcards
What are nasal disorders in horses?
*Trauma - lacerations
*Facial nerve paresis / paralysis
*Nasal atheroma
*Alar fold collapse
What can cause facial nerve paresis / paralysis?
*GA / recumbency with pressure on facial nerve
*Iatrogenic - surgery of face
What are the clinical signs of facial nerve paresis / paralysis?
*Facial swelling
*Asymmetry
*Reduced airflow
*Nasal stertor
*Poor performance
How is facial nerve paresis diagnosed?
*Observation
*Palpation
What is the problem of chronic scarring of the nares?
*Performance limiting - reduced nasal aiflow
What is a rule with laceration of nares?
*PRESERVE - good blood supply = preserve as much tissue as possible
What are the clinical signs of nasal atheroma? (Epidermal inclusion cyst) + how is it diagnosed?
*Non painful swelling in nasoincisive notch
*History + appearance
How is a nasal atheroma treated?
*Surgical removal
How is an alar fold collapse diagnosed + treated?
*Dx = fluttering sound at exercise
*Tx = resect fold
What are congenital disorders of the nasal passages?
*Wry nose - nasal septum deviation
*Choanal atresia
What are acquired disorders of the nasal passages?
*Trauma
*Progressive ethmoid haematoma
*Fungal rhinitis
*Foreign bodies
What are clinical signs of nasal passage diseases?
*Nasal discharge - trauma = blood / infection=purulent
*Respiratory noise
*Smell
*Head-shaking
What can cause nasal trauma?
*Iatrogenic - tubing - minimise with lubricant + placement in ventral meatus
*Epistaxis
*Kick / blunt trauma
What is progressive ethmoid haematoma?
*Non-neoplastic + grows into nasal passages + paranasal sinuses + locally invasive
*Causes epistaxis + facial swelling
How is a progressive ethmoid haematoma diagnosed?
Nasal PEH
*Endoscopy
*CT
Sinus PEH
*RAdiography
*Sinoscopy
*CT
How would you treat PEH in nasal passage + sinuses?
*Nasal passage = formalin into lesion
*Sinuses = sinus flap surgery
What are the clinical signs of fungal rhinitis (nasal aspergillosis)?
*Unilateral purulent / haemorrhagic nasal discharge
*bad smell
*Nasal stertor
How would you diagnose + treat fungal rhinitis?
*Dx = endoscopy + culture
*Tx = Antifungals
What are the sinuses in the rostral group?
*Rostral maxillary sinus
*Ventral conchal sinus
What are the sinuses in the caudal group?
*Caudal maxillary sinus
*Frontal sinus
*Dorsal conchal sinus
*Sphenopalatine sinus
*Ethmoid sinus
What needs to be done when flushing sinuses?
Need to make hole between rostral + caudal group as there is bony septum between them
What are common causes of paranasal diseases?
*PAI / fungal
*Sinus cysts
*Sinus PEH
*Neoplasia
*Trauma
What are presentations of paranasal sinus diseaes?
*Nasal discharge
*Facial swelling
How are paranasal sinus disease diagnosed?
*History
*Clinical signs
*Exam
*Endoscopy
*CT
What are majority of secondary sinusitis?
*Dental disease problems
How would you treat primary sinusitis?
*Usually bacteria = Antimicrobials - culture to rule out strangles
What are other treatments of primary sinusitis?
*NSAIDs - Bute
*Feed from the ground - encourage drainage
*Dust free management - reduce URT inflammation
*Turn out as much as possible = drainage
*may need surgical drainage
What teeth are associated with each sinus?
*Upper 08/09 = rostral maxillary sinus
*Upper 10/11 = caudal maxillary sinus
remove infected tooth if secondary sinusitis (60% of 2 cases = dental problem)
What horses tend to be affected with PAranasal sinus cysts?
YOUNG - causes nasal passage deformity + facial swelling
How are paranasal sinus cysts treated?
*Surgical removal - sinus flap
What are common sinus neoplasia? Dx? Tx?
*SCC
*Adenocarcinoma
*Fibro-osseous tumours
*Myxoma
*Dx = CT +radiography
*Tx = usually too late + too extensive to treat
What is an empyaema conchal bullae?
*Chronic infection of dorsal / ventral conchal bullae - surgical drainage
What is suturitis (suture line periostitis)
Inflammation of bone between bone plates - cranial / skull bones
