Equine Dentistry 2

Question 1

What is brachygnathism?

Answer 1

*Overbite - overly long maxilla

Question 2

What are the consequences of brachygnathism?

Answer 2

*Ulceration of behind upper incisors
*Maxillary rostral 06 overgrowth + mandibular 11 overgrowth = life long problem

Question 3

What is prognathism?

Answer 3

*Overgrown mandible

Question 4

What are clinical implications of prognathism?

Answer 4

– Few incisor problems
– Develop lower 06 overgrowths and upper 11 overgrowths
i.e. opposite to normal

Question 5

What is Camylorrhinus lateralis?

Answer 5

Deviation of entire maxilla - can cause breathing problems

Question 6

How is retained deciduous incisors treated?

Answer 6

– Loose: remove with forceps
– Firmly attached: remove with dental elevators
– May need to radiograph

Question 7

How is supernumerary incisors treated?

Answer 7

NO tx - cause little problem

Question 8

What can cause incisor fractures?

Answer 8

– Kicks
– Inquisitive youngstock caught on objects e.g. haynets
– Crib-biting on fixed objects

Question 9

What is Equine odontoclastic tooth reabsorption + hypercementosis?

Answer 9

*Swelling + draining tracts over multiple mandibular + maxillary incisors
*Extract loose incisors - may have to remove all - but horses cope well

Question 10

What are classifications of oral neoplasia?

Answer 10

*Dental
*Bone
*Soft tissue

Question 11

What are oral neoplasia of dental origin?

Answer 11

• Ameloblastoma - most common
• Cementoma
• Odontoma
• Temporal teratoma

Question 12

What are oral neoplasias of soft tissue origin?

Answer 12

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
• Sarcoid
• Epulis
• Melanoma
• Oral papilloma
• Ossifying fibroma
• Fibroma
• Myxoma/Myxosarcoma

Question 13

What is the most common canine abnormalities?

Answer 13

*Calculus around lower canines - remove with dental forceps

Question 14

What can indicate removal of wolf teeth?

Answer 14

• Bitting problems / ulceration
• Loose or displaced
• Blindly erupted – May be painful
• May become molarised – Look like a molar

Question 15

What are complications of wolf tooth removal?

Answer 15

– Fracture of tooth
– Fracture of bone
– Trauma to the palatine artery – marked haemorrhage

Question 16

What are retained caps? Tx?

Answer 16

*Remnants of deciduous teeth - can cause oral pain
*Easily removed from gingiva with forceps - don’t remove prematurely

Question 17

What can cause cheek teeth displacements?

Answer 17

*Overcrowding = lead to -> buccal/lingual trauma

Question 18

What happens with development diastemata? (Gaps in teeth)

Answer 18

→ spaces develop
→ food accumulates
→ fermentation
→ periodontal disease

Question 19

What is anisognathism? What can it cause?

Answer 19

*When maxilla is wider than mandibular teeth - teeth dont line up
*Causes enamel points to develop - removed during routine dental

Question 20

What is stepmouth?

Answer 20

Overgrowth of one tooth - usually when opposite tooth missing

Question 21

What can excessive rasping cause?

Answer 21

*Pulp exposure
*Thermal damage
*Risk apical infection

Question 22

What is smooth mouth? How is it managed?

Answer 22

*Softer dentine + cementum becomes smooth - worn down
*dietary management - feed chopped forage

Question 23

What happens with dental caries?

Answer 23

*Food material becomes stagnated in pits of peripheral cementum
– Fermentation
– Drop in pH of the environment
– Demineralisation
– Pits bigger and blackening of the peripheral cementum
* Cementum becomes eroded first
* May spread into the peripheral enamel

Question 24

What happens with infundibular caries?

Answer 24

• Developmental predisposition
  – Cemental hypoplasia
  – Food accumulates in infundibulum
  – Fermentation -> decay
  – Young horses may have small central opening = site of former infundibular central artery
• Progressive and irreversible
• Predisposes to fracture
• Varying degrees of severity
• Can be managed in some horses with infundubular restoration

Question 25

What can cause peripheral caries?

Answer 25

*Increased sugars in diet - haylage / molasses

Question 26

What is treatment of diastemata without periodontal disease?

Answer 26

• Must be cleaned out COMPLETELY
  – Dental Pick/ Diastema forceps / High pressure lavage
• Remove ETR’s on opposite arcade and correct other overgrowths that may be contributing to diastema
• +/- Pack with impression material to prevent refilling

Question 27

What is treatment of diastemata with periodontal disease?

Answer 27

• Widen with mechanised burr – Painful!! Lidocaine splash block
• Remove ETR’s on opposite arcade and correct other overgrowths that may be contributing to diastema
• +/- Pack with impression material to prevent refilling
• Dietary management essential
  – Short fibre: grass / ‘short chop’
  – Avoid long stem hay / haylage

Question 28

What are the 3 main types of cheek teeth fractures?

Answer 28

*Buccal (lateral) slab fractures
*Midline sagittal fracture
*Occlusal fissure fractures

Question 29

What should be done with buccal (lateral) slab fractures?

Answer 29

*Dental extraction may not be required - but remove loose fragment

Question 30

Where are midline sagittal fractures seen? What should be done?

Answer 30

*Most commonly 109+209
*EXTRACTION required - as causes apical infection

Question 31

Facial swelling is seen with what teeth?

Answer 31

Maxillary 06 +07

Question 32

Unilateral nasal discharge is seen with what?

Answer 32

Maxillary 09, 10 + 11

Question 33

Bony mandibular swelling is seen with what teeth?

Answer 33

All mandibular cheek teeth

Question 34

What are the causes of apical infections?

Answer 34

1. Anachoresis = blood borne infection
2. Fracture
3. Periodontal spread (Diastema)
4. Pulpar exposure

Question 35

How are apical infections diagnosed?

Answer 35

*Clinical signs
*Oral exam - fracture / pulpar exposure
*Imaging - radiography, computed tomography

Question 36

What are the options with cheek tooth extractions?

Answer 36

1. ORAL EXTRACTION
2. MODIFIED TRANSBUCCAL EXTRACTION (MTE)
3. Lateral buccotomy - cheek incision
4. Repulsion - only complex cases