Equine Dentistry 2 Flashcards
What is brachygnathism?
*Overbite - overly long maxilla
What are the consequences of brachygnathism?
*Ulceration of behind upper incisors
*Maxillary rostral 06 overgrowth + mandibular 11 overgrowth = life long problem
What is prognathism?
*Overgrown mandible
What are clinical implications of prognathism?
– Few incisor problems
– Develop lower 06 overgrowths and upper 11 overgrowths
i.e. opposite to normal
What is Camylorrhinus lateralis?
Deviation of entire maxilla - can cause breathing problems
How is retained deciduous incisors treated?
– Loose: remove with forceps
– Firmly attached: remove with dental elevators
– May need to radiograph
How is supernumerary incisors treated?
NO tx - cause little problem
What can cause incisor fractures?
– Kicks
– Inquisitive youngstock caught on objects e.g. haynets
– Crib-biting on fixed objects
What is Equine odontoclastic tooth reabsorption + hypercementosis?
*Swelling + draining tracts over multiple mandibular + maxillary incisors
*Extract loose incisors - may have to remove all - but horses cope well
What are classifications of oral neoplasia?
*Dental
*Bone
*Soft tissue
What are oral neoplasia of dental origin?
- Ameloblastoma - most common
- Cementoma
- Odontoma
- Temporal teratoma
What are oral neoplasias of soft tissue origin?
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- Sarcoid
- Epulis
- Melanoma
- Oral papilloma
- Ossifying fibroma
- Fibroma
- Myxoma/Myxosarcoma
What is the most common canine abnormalities?
*Calculus around lower canines - remove with dental forceps
What can indicate removal of wolf teeth?
- Bitting problems / ulceration
- Loose or displaced
- Blindly erupted – May be painful
- May become molarised – Look like a molar
What are complications of wolf tooth removal?
– Fracture of tooth
– Fracture of bone
– Trauma to the palatine artery – marked haemorrhage
What are retained caps? Tx?
*Remnants of deciduous teeth - can cause oral pain
*Easily removed from gingiva with forceps - don’t remove prematurely
What can cause cheek teeth displacements?
*Overcrowding = lead to -> buccal/lingual trauma
What happens with development diastemata? (Gaps in teeth)
→ spaces develop
→ food accumulates
→ fermentation
→ periodontal disease
What is anisognathism? What can it cause?
*When maxilla is wider than mandibular teeth - teeth dont line up
*Causes enamel points to develop - removed during routine dental
What is stepmouth?
Overgrowth of one tooth - usually when opposite tooth missing
What can excessive rasping cause?
*Pulp exposure
*Thermal damage
*Risk apical infection
What is smooth mouth? How is it managed?
*Softer dentine + cementum becomes smooth - worn down
*dietary management - feed chopped forage
What happens with dental caries?
*Food material becomes stagnated in pits of peripheral cementum
– Fermentation
– Drop in pH of the environment
– Demineralisation
– Pits bigger and blackening of the peripheral cementum
* Cementum becomes eroded first
* May spread into the peripheral enamel
What happens with infundibular caries?
- Developmental predisposition
– Cemental hypoplasia
– Food accumulates in infundibulum
– Fermentation -> decay
– Young horses may have small central opening = site of former infundibular central artery - Progressive and irreversible
- Predisposes to fracture
- Varying degrees of severity
- Can be managed in some horses with infundubular restoration
What can cause peripheral caries?
*Increased sugars in diet - haylage / molasses
What is treatment of diastemata without periodontal disease?
- Must be cleaned out COMPLETELY
– Dental Pick/ Diastema forceps / High pressure lavage - Remove ETR’s on opposite arcade and correct other overgrowths that may be contributing to diastema
- +/- Pack with impression material to prevent refilling
What is treatment of diastemata with periodontal disease?
- Widen with mechanised burr – Painful!! Lidocaine splash block
- Remove ETR’s on opposite arcade and correct other overgrowths that may be contributing to diastema
- +/- Pack with impression material to prevent refilling
- Dietary management essential
– Short fibre: grass / ‘short chop’
– Avoid long stem hay / haylage
What are the 3 main types of cheek teeth fractures?
*Buccal (lateral) slab fractures
*Midline sagittal fracture
*Occlusal fissure fractures
What should be done with buccal (lateral) slab fractures?
*Dental extraction may not be required - but remove loose fragment
Where are midline sagittal fractures seen? What should be done?
*Most commonly 109+209
*EXTRACTION required - as causes apical infection
Facial swelling is seen with what teeth?
Maxillary 06 +07
Unilateral nasal discharge is seen with what?
Maxillary 09, 10 + 11
Bony mandibular swelling is seen with what teeth?
All mandibular cheek teeth
What are the causes of apical infections?
- Anachoresis = blood borne infection
- Fracture
- Periodontal spread (Diastema)
- Pulpar exposure
How are apical infections diagnosed?
*Clinical signs
*Oral exam - fracture / pulpar exposure
*Imaging - radiography, computed tomography
What are the options with cheek tooth extractions?
- ORAL EXTRACTION
- MODIFIED TRANSBUCCAL EXTRACTION (MTE)
- Lateral buccotomy - cheek incision
- Repulsion - only complex cases
