Clinical Neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the main CNS divisions?
Forebrain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
What does the forebrain include?
Cerebellar cortex
Diencephalon
What does the Brainstem include?
*Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla oblongata
What are the functional divisions of the Spine?
*C1-C5
*C6-T2
*T3-L3
*L4-S3
What does the neuromuscular junction include?
*Axon terminal
*Synaptic cleft
*Endplate of skeletal muscle
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
involuntary, controls visceral functions
*Sympathetic - fight/flight
*Parasympathetic - rest/digest
What does the grey + white matter contain?
Grey matter = cell bodies, nuclei
White matter = axons
What are the layers of the meninges?
*Dura mater - thick, outer layer
*Arachnoid - thin layer (Contains subarachnoid space)
*Pia mater - thin, inner layer
Where do most of the cranial nerves arise from?
Brainstem - midbrain, pons + medulla
Which nerve is compressed when the brain is swollen
Occulomotor - III
What animals can you see a problem with the trochlear nerve?
Cat / Horse - iris rotates
*Can’t tell in dogs as they have a round iris
What is seen with damage to the facial nerve?
Facial paralysis
What can be seen with damage to the trigeminal nerves?
Atrophy of masticatory muscles - temporalis
What can damage to the vestibulocochlear cause?
Loss of balance
Damage to what nerves can cause aspiration pneumonia?
IX - Glossopharyngeal - motor to pharynx + palate
X - Vagus - motor to pharynx, larynx + oesophagus
What muscle does the accessory nerve innervate?
Trapezius + sternocephalicus
What is seen with damage to the hypoglossal nerve?
Paralysis / atrophy of the tongue
What does the lower motor neurone system do?
Connect CNS with muscle
What does the upper motor neurone system do?
initiation of voluntary movement
maintenance of muscle tone for support against gravity
What is the difference between pyramidal + extrapyramidal movements?
*Pyramidal movements = Fine motor movements, only seen in primates
*Extrapyramidal = simple voluntary movements
What does the vestibular system do?
- maintains balance
- maintains normal orientation relative to the gravitational field
- maintains position of eyes, neck, trunk and limbs relative to the position and movement of the head
What are the 2 divisions of the vestibular system?
*Peripheral - inner ear + Cranial nerve 8
*Central - Vestibular nuclei + cerebellum
What is the function of the cerebellum?
*Maintenance of balance
*Coordination of movement
What is the function of the forebrain?
*Decision making
*Planning of movement
*Behaviour
*Temperament
*Conscious perception of all sensory systems
What is the role of the ascending reticular activating system?
arouse cortex
awake brain to a conscious level
prepare brain to receive sensory information
