Clinical Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the main CNS divisions?

Answer 1

Forebrain
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Question 2

What does the forebrain include?

Answer 2

Cerebellar cortex
Diencephalon

Question 3

What does the Brainstem include?

Answer 3

*Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla oblongata

Question 4

What are the functional divisions of the Spine?

Answer 4

*C1-C5
*C6-T2
*T3-L3
*L4-S3

Question 5

What does the neuromuscular junction include?

Answer 5

*Axon terminal
*Synaptic cleft
*Endplate of skeletal muscle

Question 6

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 6

 involuntary, controls visceral functions
*Sympathetic - fight/flight
*Parasympathetic - rest/digest

Question 7

What does the grey + white matter contain?

Answer 7

Grey matter = cell bodies, nuclei
White matter = axons

Question 8

What are the layers of the meninges?

Answer 8

*Dura mater - thick, outer layer
*Arachnoid - thin layer (Contains subarachnoid space)
*Pia mater - thin, inner layer

Question 9

Where do most of the cranial nerves arise from?

Answer 9

Brainstem - midbrain, pons + medulla

Question 10

Which nerve is compressed when the brain is swollen

Answer 10

Occulomotor - III

Question 11

What animals can you see a problem with the trochlear nerve?

Answer 11

Cat / Horse - iris rotates
*Can’t tell in dogs as they have a round iris

Question 12

What is seen with damage to the facial nerve?

Answer 12

Facial paralysis

Question 13

What can be seen with damage to the trigeminal nerves?

Answer 13

Atrophy of masticatory muscles - temporalis

Question 14

What can damage to the vestibulocochlear cause?

Answer 14

Loss of balance

Question 15

Damage to what nerves can cause aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 15

IX - Glossopharyngeal - motor to pharynx + palate
X - Vagus - motor to pharynx, larynx + oesophagus

Question 16

What muscle does the accessory nerve innervate?

Answer 16

Trapezius + sternocephalicus

Question 17

What is seen with damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 17

Paralysis / atrophy of the tongue

Question 18

What does the lower motor neurone system do?

Answer 18

Connect CNS with muscle

Question 19

What does the upper motor neurone system do?

Answer 19

 initiation of voluntary movement
 maintenance of muscle tone for support against gravity

Question 20

What is the difference between pyramidal + extrapyramidal movements?

Answer 20

*Pyramidal movements = Fine motor movements, only seen in primates
*Extrapyramidal = simple voluntary movements

Question 21

What does the vestibular system do?

Answer 21

1. maintains balance
2. maintains normal orientation relative to the gravitational field
3. maintains position of eyes, neck, trunk and limbs relative to the position and movement of the head

Question 22

What are the 2 divisions of the vestibular system?

Answer 22

*Peripheral - inner ear + Cranial nerve 8
*Central - Vestibular nuclei + cerebellum

Question 23

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 23

*Maintenance of balance
*Coordination of movement

Question 24

What is the function of the forebrain?

Answer 24

*Decision making
*Planning of movement
*Behaviour
*Temperament
*Conscious perception of all sensory systems

Question 25

What is the role of the ascending reticular activating system?

Answer 25

 arouse cortex
 awake brain to a conscious level
 prepare brain to receive sensory information