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MOD > Introduction to Dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest dermatological problem in Cats/ Dogs?

A

Cats = Swellings
Dogs = Pruritus

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2
Q

What are the most common causes of dermatological problems in dogs/cats?

A

Dogs = Bacterial infection, Parasitic, Neoplastic
Cats = Bacterial infection + Parasitic

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3
Q

What are the common pitfalls with dermatology?

A
  • Disregarding history
  • Failure to appreciate clinical signs
  • Not taking a logical, problem oriented approach
  • Errors in taking diagnostic samples
  • Errors in allergy testing (it is not a diagnostic test)
  • Errors in interpreting results
  • Errors in therapy
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4
Q

What is the plan for dermatology consultation?

A
  1. History
  2. Examination
  3. List differentials
  4. Plan investigation
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5
Q

How can you save time during consultation?

A

Take history whilst doing physical exam

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6
Q

What are the likely to be the dermatological cause in very young animals (<1 year)?

A
  • parasites
  • congenital
  • food-induced atopic dermatitis
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7
Q

What are the likely to be the dermatological cause in adult animals?

A
  • immune mediated
  • endocrine
  • food-induced atopic dermatitis
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8
Q

What are the likely to be the dermatological cause in elderly animals?

A
  • neoplastic
  • metabolic
  • food-induced atopic dermatitis
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9
Q

What are west highland white terriers more susceptible of getting?

A

Atopic dermatitis

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10
Q

What can male animals get?

A

Sertoli cell tumour

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11
Q

Why does the colour of the animal predispose them?

A

*Squamous cell carcinoma

  • Spontaneous forms
  • oral
  • ungual
  • UV induced
  • de-pigmented skin
  • white hair-coat
  • sparsely haired regions
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12
Q

What are general questions you could ask all patients?

A
  • attitude and exercise tolerance?
  • appetite and thirst?
  • vomiting or diarrhoea?

Relating to complaint:
* number of stools per day?
* sneezing or conjunctivitis?
* seasonal history?
* neurological signs?
* drug history?

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13
Q

What are the possible causes of chronic dermatological problem?

A
  • allergy
  • metabolic
  • endocrine
  • neoplastic
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14
Q

What are the possible causes of acute dermatological problem?

A
  • parasites
  • infectious
  • immune-mediated
  • hypersensitivity
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15
Q

What is an itch that rashes?

A

Atopic dermatitis - everything else is a rash that itches

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16
Q

What is more likely to be a problem in late summer - autumn?

A
  • harvest mites
  • cow pox virus
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17
Q

What is more likely to be a problem in spring-summer?

A

Atopic dermatitis

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18
Q

Why should you ask about previous/current treatments?

A

Improved/ no change/ worse
Adverse effects

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19
Q

What are the potential risks if the animal has travelled abroad or was a rescue?

A
  • leishmaniasis
    *babesia
    *erhlichia
    *dirofilaria
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20
Q

What are the possible parasitic contagions?

A

*Flea bites
*Sarcoptic mange
*Cheyletiellosis

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21
Q

What is a infectious contagion?

A

*Dermatophytosis

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22
Q

What is the morphology of primary/secondary lesions?

A

Primary
* initial eruption develops spontaneously due to underlying disease e.g., papule or pustule
* usually transient
* sample to aid diagnosis

Secondary
* evolve from primary lesions or external factors e.g., crust evolves from a pustule
* may help with diagnosis

Some lesions can be either 1 or 2
* e.g., alopecia is 2 if due to self-trauma or 1 if due to endocrinopathy
* Skin disease is continually evolving
* a mixture of primary and secondary lesions

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23
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have?

A

4

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24
Q

What is within the dermis?

A
  • blood vessels & nerves
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous glands
  • sweat glands
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25
Q

What are primary lesions?

A
  • Pustule
  • Papules and pustules
  • Papular-macular rash
  • Pigmented macules
  • Alopecia (demodex)
  • Erythematous plaques and papules
  • Alopecia (seasonal flank alopecia)
  • Vesicle
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26
Q

What are secondary lesions?

A
  • Lichenification
  • Thinned skin (HCA; also calcinosis cutis plaques)
  • Crusts and erosions
  • Excoriations/ erosions
  • Epidermal collarettes
  • Scale (secondary to chronic inflammation)
  • Ulcers
  • Comedones +++ and an erosion
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27
Q

What lesion causes thickening of all skin layers due to chronic inflammation?

A

*lichenification

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28
Q

What lesion causes loss of epidermis above basement membrane?

A

*Erosions

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29
Q

What lesion causes loss of epidermis through the basement membrane into the dermis?

A

*Ulcers

30
Q

Where does cheyletielliosis tend to infect?

A

Dorsum

31
Q

Where does sarcoptic mange tend to infect?

A

Ears
Elbows
Ventral surface

32
Q

Where does atopic dermatitis tend to infect?

A

Ears
Paws
Face / muzzle

33
Q

Where does Flea Allergic Dermatitis tend to infect?

A

Perianal area
Caudal dorsum

34
Q

What type of dermatology problem comes and goes? (Waxing & waning)

A

*Allergic
*Immune-mediated

35
Q

What dermatological problems are progressive?

A

*Metabolic
*Endocrine
*Neoplastic

36
Q

What dermatological problems are intermittent?

A

*Parasites
*Infections

37
Q

What are the major presenting signs?

A

*Pruritus
*Alopecia
*Crusting
*Scaling
*Nodules

38
Q

What are 2ndry skin infections more common in?

A

Dogs> Cats

39
Q

What is the most common feline infection?

A

Cat bite abscess

40
Q

What are primary infections more common in? (Dermatophytosis/viral)

A

Cats>dogs

41
Q

What are endocrinopathies and neoplasia more common in?

A

Dogs> cats

42
Q

What is the most common cause of alopecia in cats?

A

*usually due to self-trauma - pruritus

43
Q

What are the pruritus differentials in dogs?

A
  • Atopic dermatitis
  • Flea allergic dermatitis
  • Parasites
  • Infections e.g., Malassezia and bacterial pyoderma (secondary)
  • Contact allergy
  • Cutaneous lymphoma
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
44
Q

What are the pruritus differentials in cats?

A
  • Feline atopic skin syndrome
  • Flea allergic dermatitis
  • Parasites
  • Infections e.g., dermatophytosis (primary)
  • Contact allergy
  • Cutaneous lymphoma
  • Pemphigus foliaceus
45
Q

How would you exclude pruritus differentials?

A

*History
*Clinical signs
*Diagnostic tests

46
Q

What other clinical signs may pruritus lead to?

A
  • Alopecia
  • Erythema
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Lichenification
  • Excoriations
  • erosions and/or ulcers
  • Secondary infections = papules, pustules, crusts, scales, epidermal collarettes, macular hyperpigmentation
47
Q

What are the spontaneous inflammatory alopecia differentials in dogs?

A
  • Bacterial folliculitis
  • Demodicosis
  • Dermatophytosis
  • IMD of hair or skin
48
Q

What are the spontaneous inflammatory alopecia differentials in cats?

A
  • Bacterial folliculitis
  • Demodicosis
  • Dermatophytosis
49
Q

What are the spontaneous non-inflammatory alopecia differentials in dogs?

A
  • Endocrine
  • Seasonal flank alopecia, Effluvium,
    dysplasias, Pattern baldness, Alopecia X, congenital, etc.,
50
Q

What are the spontaneous non-inflammatory alopecia differentials in cats?

A
  • Endocrine (RARE)
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome (RARE)
  • Effluvium, dysplasias, congenital
51
Q

What are the primary scaling differentials in dogs?

A
  • Canine ear margin seborrhoea
  • Ichthyosis
  • Primary seborrhoea
  • Zinc responsive dermatosis
52
Q

What are the primary scaling differentials in cats?

A
  • Feline acne
  • Ichthyosis
  • Primary seborrhoea
53
Q

What are the secondary scaling differentials in dogs?

A
  • Active inflammation (allergy, parasites, bacterial infection, dermatophytosis)
  • almost any resolving inflammatory dermatosis
  • Endocrine
  • Epitheliotropic lymphoma
  • Leishmaniasis
54
Q

What are the secondary scaling differentials in cats?

A
  • Active inflammation
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Idiopathic facial dermatitis of cats (‘dirty face’ in Persian cats)
  • Epitheliotropic lymphoma
  • Feline thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis
  • FeLV/FIV dermatosis
55
Q

What are the differentials for crusting from pustules in dogs/cats?

A

Infections
* Superficial bacterial pyoderma
Immune-mediated disease
* Pemphigus foliaceus

56
Q

What are the differentials for crusting from erosions/ulcers in dogs?

A

Immune mediated
* Erythema multiforme
* Vasculitis/ vasculopathy
* Cutaneous/systemic lupus erythematosus
Metabolic disease
* Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (hepatocutaneous syndrome)
Deep microbial infections

57
Q

What are the differentials for crusting from erosions/ulcers in cats?

A

Allergy
* Head and neck pruritus and miliary dermatitis
* See feline CRP lecture
* Mosquito-bite hypersensitivity
Deep microbial infections
* Atypical bacteria, fungi, viruses (pox, herpes)

58
Q

What are the differentials for nodules in dogs?

A

Neoplasia
Infectious
* Acid-fast bacteria, fungal, viral
Inflammatory
* Urticaria/angioedema
* Interdigital cysts
Immune-mediated
* Histiocytic, pyogranuloma-granuloma, panniculitis

59
Q

What are the differentials for nodules in cats?

A

Neoplasia
Infectious
* Acid-fast bacteria, fungal, viral
Inflammatory
* Eosinophilic granuloma complex
* Urticaria/angioedema
Immune-mediated
* Feline plasma cell pododermatitis

60
Q

What diagnostic tests can be taken for skin cytology?

A
  • Direct impression smear
  • Indirect impression smear
  • Tape strip
  • Fine needle aspirate (FNA)
61
Q

What diagnostic tests can be taken for parasites?

A
  • Brushings
  • Tape strips
  • Hair plucks (trichograms)
  • Skin scrapes - superficial and or deep
62
Q

What are the possible sampling methods for alopecia?

A
  • Hair pluck (trichogram) - Look at hair and for parasites
  • Skin scrape for parasites
  • Cytology for pyoderma
  • Culture for dermatophytes
  • Biopsy
63
Q

What are the possible sampling methods for scale?

A
  • Coat brushings
  • Acetate strip =
    -Unstained for parasites
    -Stained for infections
  • Hair pluck
  • Skin scrape
  • Biopsy
64
Q

What are the possible sampling methods for nodules?

A

*FNA
*Biopsy

65
Q

What are the possible sampling methods for crusts?

A
  • Skin scrapes
  • Lift crust and perform direct
    impression smear
  • Biopsy
66
Q

What are the presenting signs of demodex?

A
  • Alopecia
  • Variable pruritus
  • Scale (follicular casts)
  • +/- secondary bacterial
    infection =
    -crusts if superficial
    -nodules if deep
67
Q

What are the presenting signs of sarcoptic mange?

A
  • Crusts +++
  • Usually severely pruritic
    (hypersensitivity)
  • Self-trauma causing alopecia
68
Q

What are the presenting signs of cheyletiella?

A
  • Scale +++
  • Variable pruritus
  • Self-trauma causing alopecia
69
Q

How would you diagnose ectoparasites?

A

For surface parasites
e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, harvest mites, Cheyletiella and Demodex gatoi
* Coat brushings
* Flea comb wet paper test
* Sellotape impression
For shallow and surface mites living in the epidermis
e.g., Cheyletiella, Demodex gatoi, Sarcoptes scabei and Notoedres cati
* Superficial skin scrapes
For deeper mites
* Deep skin scrapes
* Hair plucks
* Biopsy

70
Q

What ectoparasite lives deepest in the skin?

A

*Demodex - within hair follice

MOD (103 decks)

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