Clinical induction + maintenance

Question 1

What are the different induction agents?

Answer 1

Substituted phenols
* Propofol
Neuro-active steroids
* Alfaxalone
Phencyclidine derivatives
* Ketamine
* Tiletamine
Barbiturates
* Pentobarbital
Carboxylated imidazoles
* Etomidate

Question 2

Co-induction agents?

Answer 2

Ketamine
Benzodiazepines
Guaifenesin (GGE)
Opioids

Question 3

Induction considerations with dogs?

Answer 3

-Big breed differences
-Brachycephalics
-Variable temperament
-IV access usually easy
-Possible to induce to effect

Question 4

Induction considerations with cats?

Answer 4

-Smaller than dogs
-Variable temperament
-Less tolerant to restraint than dogs
-IV access usually easy
-Mask subclinical disease well
-Possible to induce to effect

Question 5

Induction considerations with horses?

Answer 5

-Huge breed differences
-Large body mass
-IV access usually easy
-Do not like being recumbent
-Cannot induce to effect
-”Flight” animals
-Safety concerns

Question 6

Anaesthesia environment considerations?

Answer 6

I. Hospital/practice setting
vs Field anaesthesia
II. Quiet and calm vs busy
and noisy
III. Facilities/equipment
available

Question 7

What are the maintenance agents?

Answer 7

◦Inhalational
-Isoflurane
-Sevoflurane
-(Halothane)
◦Injectable
-Proprofol
-Alfaxalone
-Ketamine

Question 8

Pros of a face mask>

Answer 8

-Suitable for oxygen supplementation
-Used to preoxygenate patients prior to
anaesthesia
-Can be used to provide volatile anaesthetic
agents in some species
-Can also be used to induce anaesthesia

Question 9

Complications of endotracheal intubation

Answer 9

Laryngeal and pharyngeal trauma
-oesophageal intubation
-bronchial intubation
-Damage to trachea - necrosis rare but can happen
-Aspiration of oesophageal / gastric content
-over inflation of cuff

Question 10

What can be used for Emergency airway access?

Answer 10

-urinary catheters
-use stylets/stomach tubes
-tracheostomy - incision to expose trachea