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MOD > Common skin conditions in horses > Flashcards

Common skin conditions in horses Flashcards

1
Q

What are common skin conditions in horses?

A
  1. Conditions that cause pruritus
  2. Conditions that cause crusting, scaling, erosion and/or ulceration
  3. Cutaneous swellings, nodules and tumours
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2
Q

What are the 2 causes of pruritus?

A
  1. Parasitic skin disease
  2. Hypersensitivities (allergies)
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3
Q

What are the parasitic causes?

A
  1. Lice (pediculosis) - most common
  2. Mites (mange)
  3. Ticks
  4. Nematodes
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of lice + where are they found?

A
  • Werneckiella (previously Damalinia equi)
  • Biting louse: feeds on epidermal debri
  • Dorsolateral trunk, neck, and face
  • Haematopinus asini
  • Sucking louse: feeds on blood
  • Mane and tail, fetlock and pastern
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5
Q

When are lice more common?

A

Winter - bigger coats

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6
Q

How are lice diagnosed?

A

*Coat brushes
*Hair plucks

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7
Q

How are lice treated?

A

pyrethrins
pyrethroids
permethrin
fipronil
*Treat originally + again 2 weeks later

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8
Q

What are the different mites that can cause pruritus?

A
  • Dermanyssus gallinae
  • Trombicula autumnalis
  • Psoroptes equi
  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Chorioptes equi
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9
Q

Where is chorioptes seen?

A
  • Distal limbs –lots of feathers (Draft
    breeds and Cobs)
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10
Q

What does chorioptes equi cause?

A
  • Intense pruritus with stamping/scratching/chewing of
    feet
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11
Q

Where does sarcoptes affect? Why is it a concern?

A

*Affects entire body
*Problem as zoonotic

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12
Q

What parts of the body does Psoroptes equi affect?

A
  • Forelock, main and tail
    → Trunk
  • Ears: headshaking
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13
Q

Where does trombicula affect? Why is it different?

A

*Different - larvae of free living mite = problem
* Face, distal limbs, ventral
thorax and abdomen

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14
Q

What is Dermanyssus gallinae? Where does it affect?

A

*Poultry mite
*Head + legs

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15
Q

How are mites diagnosed?

A

Skin brushings

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16
Q

How are mites treated?

A

*NO LICENSED PRODUCTS
– Inject macrocyclic lactones
* 2 injections, 2 weeks apart (SubCut)
– Topical macrocyclic lactones
* Once every 4 weeks
– Topical shampoos: lime sulphur shampoo, selenium sulphate shampoo, topical ivermectin

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17
Q

What nematodes can cause pruritus?

A

Oxyuris equi - pinworm

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18
Q

Where does the pinworm cause itching?

A

Perianal pruritus

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19
Q

What are different causes of hypersensitivities? (5)

A
  1. Insect hypersensitivity
  2. Food allergy
  3. Contact allergy
  4. Atopy
  5. Urticaria
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20
Q

What causes insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

*Culicoides spp
‘sweet itch’

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21
Q

Where does culicoides affect?
What are risk factors?
What is the treatment?

A
  • Main, back, tail, ventrum
  • Risks: standing water, dawn
    and dusk
  • Treatment:
    1. Avoid midge contact
    2. Improve skin integrity
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22
Q

What does food allergy cause?

A
  • Pruritus
    ± diarrhoea
    ± respiratory signs
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23
Q

How is atopy hypersensitivity diagnosed?

A
  • Diagnosis: EXCLUSION
    (intradermal skin testing can help
    identify allergens)
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24
Q

How is atopy hypersensitivity treated?

A
  • Treatment:
  • Avoid allergen
  • Immunotherapy
  • Corticosteroids/Antihistamines
  • Improve Skin Barrier Function
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25
Q

What does urticaria/hives hypersensitivity cause?

A

*Wheals
*Oedema
*Pruritus

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26
Q

How is urticaria / hives hypersensitivity treated?

A

*Corticosteroids
*Antihistamines

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27
Q

What is the difference between scaling + crust?

A

Scale = dry + grey - excess keratin
Crusting = yellow, red, brown - wet + damp

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28
Q

What is the difference between erosion+ ulceration?

A

Erosion = superficial
Ulceration = deeper

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29
Q

What can cause crusting, scaling, erosion or ulceration?

A
  • Dermatophilosis (Rain Scald)
  • Bacterial folliculitis
  • Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)
  • Photosensitization
  • Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
  • Pastern dermatitis
  • Pemphigus foliaceous
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30
Q

What causes rain scald?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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31
Q

What area is affected by rain scald?

A
  • Chronic moisture + skin damage
  • Lesion: crust, moist mats of hair
  • Back, gluteal area, face, neck extremities
32
Q

How is rain scald diagnosed?

A

Cytology - smear pus on slide

33
Q

How is rain scald treated?

A
  • Topical: mild cases
  • Systemic antimicrobials: severe cases
34
Q

What causes bacterial folliculitis?

A

Staphylococcus (+streptococcus)
-Painful lesions

35
Q

How is bacterial folliculitis diagnosed?

A

Cytology
Culture

36
Q

What is the treatment of bacterial folliculitis?

A
  • Topical: mild cases
  • Systemic antimicrobials:
    severe cases
37
Q

What causes ringworm?

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum

38
Q

What animals are affected by ringworm?

A

Young
Immunocompromised

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of ringworm?

A

Circular patches of alopecia

40
Q

How is ringworm diagnosed?

A

Fungal culture
PCR
microscopy

41
Q

What is the treatment of ringworm?

A

Topical antifungals (natamycin, enilconazole, miconazole)

42
Q

What are the 2 causes of photosensitization?

A

1.Hepatogenous - liver failure - ragwort
2. Ingestion / application of photodynamic agent - St. John’s wort

43
Q

Where are lesions of photosensitization most common?

A

White areas

44
Q

How is photosensitization diagnosed?

A

Signs
Blood tests

45
Q

How is photosensitization treated?

A

*Treat liver disease
*Removal of agent

46
Q

What parts of the body does leukocytoclastic vasculitis affect?

A

-non pigmented areas of distal limb (lateral)
-V PAINFUL

47
Q

How is Leukocytoclastic vasculitis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Skin biopsy

48
Q

How is Leukocytoclastic vasculitis treated?

A

*Avoid exposure to light
*Corticosteroids

49
Q

What can cause pastern dermatitis?

A

*Infectious agent
*Inflammatory
*Chronic disease

50
Q

Where does pastern dermatitis affect?

A

Between hoof + fetlock

51
Q

What is pemphigus foliaceous + what does it cause?

A

*Rare - autoimmune disease
*Causes severe crusting

52
Q

How is pemphigus foliaceous diagnosed?

A

Skin biopsy

53
Q

How is pemphigus foliaceous treated?

A

Immunosuppressive drugs

54
Q

What can cause cutaneous swellings, nodules + tumours? (5)

A
  1. Viral Papillomatosis
  2. Warbles
  3. Genetic / developmental
  4. Eosinophilic granuloma
  5. Tumours
    - Sarcoid
    - Melanoma
    - Squamous cell carcinoma
    - Other: mast cell tumour, lymphoma
55
Q

What are the causes of viral papillomatosis? How is it treated?

A

1.Grass warts - muzzle + face of young horses
2. Pinnal Acanthosis / aural placks
NO TREATMENT NEEDED

56
Q

What are warbles?

A

Hypoderma bovis
HYpoderma lineatum
NOTIFIABLE

57
Q

What is the treatment of warbles?

A

*Enlargement of pore to remove central grub
*Surgical removal

58
Q

What are the genetic/ developmental causes of cutaneous swellings + nodules + tumours?

A
  • Dentigerous cyst
  • Atheroma
  • Dermoid cyst
  • Vascular hamartoma
59
Q

What is an eosinophilic granuloma?

A

Collagen necrosis
-0.5-10cm
-non painful + non pruritic

60
Q

How is an eosinophilic granuloma diagnosed + treated?

A
  • Diagnosis: skin biopsy
  • Treatment: surgical removal
61
Q

What is the most common skin tumour in horses?

A

Sarcoid

62
Q

What are sarcoids/ causes??

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Flies
63
Q

What are the 6 clinical presentations of sarcoids?

A

*Occult sarcoid
*Verrucose sarcoid
*Nodular sarcoid
*Fibroblastic sarcoid
*Mixed sarcoid
*Malignant sarcoid

64
Q

How is a sarcoid diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

65
Q

How are sarcoids treated?

A

– Surgery / Laser Removal
– ‘Immune’ therapy = BCG Injections
– Cytotoxics (topical & injection)
– Antimitotics (AW4/5) (topical)
– Photodynamic therapy
– Brachytherapy = Iridium-wires (not available, but>90% successful)

66
Q

What are the 4 rules of sarcoids?

A

– RULE 1:
The more they have the more they get
– RULE 2:
The fewer they have the fewer they get
– RULE 3:
Multiply over summer & grow over winter
– RULE 4:
A single sarcoid implies (genetic) susceptibility

67
Q

How common are melanomas? Benign/malignant?
Where are they found?

A

*V common - (80% of grey horses >15y/o)
*Mostly benign
*Locations = perineum, tail head, parotid region

68
Q

How is a melanoma diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Biopsy

69
Q

How is a melanoma treated?

A

Surgical excision
Immunotherapy

70
Q

What animals are squamous cell carcinoma most common in?

A

Poorly pigmented animals

71
Q

What are the common locations of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

External genitalia
Eye

72
Q

How is a squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Biopsy

73
Q

What is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

*surgical excision
*cryotherapy
*chemotherapy

74
Q

What tumours are less common but found solitary on head + proximal limb and males are predisposed?

A

Mast cell tumours

75
Q

When do melanomas tend to be more aggressive?

A

When not in a grey horse

MOD (103 decks)

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