Equine Dentistry 1 Flashcards
What are hypsodont teeth?
*Long crowned
*Graze 18hrs/day
*Erupt 2mm/year
What is the dental formula of deciduous equids?
I 3/3 C0/0 PM 3/3
What is the permanent dental formula of horses?
I 3/3 C1/1 PM 3/3 (or 4/4) M 3/3
How long does it take deciduous incisors to erupt?
*Central (01) = 1 week
* Middle (02) = 6 weeks
* Corner (03) = 6-9 months
(6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months)
How long does it take permanent incisors to erupt?
*Central = erupt - 2.5 years + in wear @ 3years
*Middle = erupt - 3.5 years + in wear @ 4years
*Corner = erupt - 4.5 years + in wear @ 5years
When does canines + wolf teeth erupt?
*Canine = 5 years mainly in males
*Wolf teeth = 1 year - many lost when deciduous 06 is lost
When are deciduous pre molars erupted?
06, 07 + 08 present at birth
When do permanent check teeth erupt?
06 = 2.5 yrs
07 = 3.5 yrs
08 = 4
09 = 1
10 = 2
11 = 3.5
What cheek teeth are you most likely to have problems with?
09 as it has been there the longest
Around what age is the dentine star first visible?
4 years old
What is the different between maxillary + mandibular cheek teeth?
*Maxillary = 2 infundibulae + wide = square teeth
*Mandibular = no infundibulae + narrow = rectangular tooth
What are pulp horns?
*Area of pigmented secondary dentine
*Protects underlying pulp
Where are the roots of the maxillary cheek teeth?
*06+07 = maxillary bone
*08+09 = rostral maxillary sinus
*10+11 = caudal maxillary sinus
Where are roots of the mandibular cheek teeth?
06->11 = mandible
What cheek teeth are wider?
Maxillary cheek teeth 20/25% further apart
In which horses is the curve of spee more pronounced?
Arabs
What should be considered when doing dental examination?
*Routine vs cause for concern
*Safety
*Biosecurity
*Legal requirements + documentation
What should be gathered to prepare for dental exam?
*Appropriate examination area
*Dental equipment
*Lighting
*Gloves
*Water
*Recording sheets
* +/- Sedation
* +/- head stand
What are classed as basic dental equipment?
- Gag/Speculum
- Light source
- Dental mirror
- Dental Syringe
- Pulpar explorer
- Periodontal probe
- Diastema forceps
- Rasps
- +/- motorised tools
What should be done on initial examination?
*Thorough history - weight loss? colic? duration
*Watch the horse eat - both sides / normal sounds
*Clinical exam - nasal discharge / halitosis
What should be done with the incisor exam?
*Check for abnormal masses / fractures
*Check occlusion from side - over/underbite
*Check occlusion from front - slant/smile mouth, evidence of crib biting
*Check lateral excursion
*Count the teeth
How would you examine canines + wolf teeth?
*Place speculum (Gag)
*Flush mouth
*Check canines if present - calculus? fractures? infection?
*Wolf teeth - loose/displaced/ blindly erupted
What is the 4 step oral examination?
- Palpate
- Look without mirror
- Look with mirror
- Probe - every pulp horn
When palpating what are you assessing for?
– Dental overgrowths
* Sharp points
* Hooks and ramps
* Excessive transverse ridges
* Steps
– Diastemata +/- food packing
– Dental fractures
– Displaced teeth
– Missing teeth
– Supernumerary teeth
– Associated soft tissue trauma
What is oral endoscopy useful for?
*Better evaluation of occlusal surface
*Better evaluation of diastema + periodontum
*Recording of findings + showing owners
What rasps are used for 106+206?
Backward facing rasp
What rasp is used for caudal 311 + 411
Forward facing rasp
What are classed as category 1 procedures? - can do with training + without qualification
- Examination of teeth
- Removal of sharp enamel points using manual rasps only
- Removal of small dental overgrowths (maximum 4mm reductions) using
manual rasps only - Rostral profiling of the first cheek teeth (maximum 4mm reductions),
previously termed ‘bit seat shaping’ - Removal of loose deciduous caps
- Removal of supragingival calculus
What are classed as category 2 procedures? need to pass DEFRA approved exam
- Examination, evaluation and recording of dental abnormalities
- Removal of loose teeth / fragments with negligible periodontal
attachments - The removal of erupted, non-displaced wolf teeth in the upper or
lower jaw under direct and continuous veterinary supervision - Palliative rasping of fractured and adjacent teeth
- Motorised dental instruments to reduce overgrowths and sharp
enamel points only - Horses should be sedated unless it is deemed safe to undertake any
proposed procedure without sedation, with full informed consent of
the owner
What maxillary teeth problems is associated with facial swelling / draining tracts?
08 +09 (Teeth with root in rostral maxillary sinus)
