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MOD > Small animal Toxicology > Flashcards

Small animal Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the routes of intoxication?

A

*Oral - most common
*Cutaneous / topical
*Inhalation
*Injection
*Ocular

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2
Q

What are the steps to do when a patient comes in?

A
  1. Stabilise the patient - resp, CV, CNS signs, thermoregulation
  2. Obtain a complete history -toxin, time + amount ingested
  3. Decrease absorbed dose - emesis, lavage
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3
Q

What is the aim of decreasing absorbed dose?

A

*Prevent further absorption
*Increase elimination
*Bind toxin in inert form

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4
Q

How is the toxin dose decreased?

A

*Emesis - apomorphine in dogs
-Xylazine / dexmedetomidine in cats
*Gastric lavage
*Adsorbents

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5
Q

When should emesis be performed?

A

*Within 3hr of ingestion
-can be up to 6hr for aspirin +12hr for chocolate

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6
Q

What are contraindications for emesis?

A

– animal has been vomiting
– absent gag reflex
– sedation or loss of consciousness
– seizuring
– Ingestion of corrosive substance or volatile petroleum based product

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7
Q

What can be used to reverse apomorphine?

A

Naloxone - doesn’t stop the vomiting

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8
Q

When would you use gastric lavage?

A

When cannot induce emesis
-must have ET tube in place
-repeat lavage 10-15 times until lavage clear

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9
Q

What is an example of an adsorbent?

A

Activated charcoal

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10
Q

What can be used to enhance toxin clearance?

A

*Cathartics - sorbitol
*Enema
*Diuresis

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11
Q

What are examples of cathartics?

A

*Sorbitol
*Sodium / magneisum sulphate
*Liquid paraffin

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12
Q

What can be used to prevent hypothermia?

A

*Blankets
*Heat pads

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13
Q

What is used to prevent hyperthermia?

A

*Cold packs - luke warm to cool water - not cold/ice
*Careful not to over cool

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14
Q

What drug is a respiratory stimulant?

A

Doxapram

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15
Q

What can be used as Cardiovascular support?

A

*IVFT - crystalloids, colloids, blood
*Arterial blood pressure
*Electrolytes

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16
Q

What analgesia should be given in toxin ingestion?

A

*Opioid - pethidine (short duration)
-buprenorphine (partial agonist)

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17
Q

What should be done if animal is in depression / coma?

A
  • Ventilatory support (manual/mechanical ventilation)
  • Keep warm
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
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18
Q

What should be done if animal in hyperactivity / seizuring?

A

*Diazepam - antiepileptic
*Phenobarbital - antiepileptic
*Propofol

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19
Q

When would you not use diazepam / phenobarbital?

A

When toxicity of the liver

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20
Q

What can be used for samples in toxic animals?

A

*Heparinised blood
*Urine

21
Q

What lilies are toxic to cats?

A

*Easter lily
*Tiger lily
*Day lily

22
Q

What can pyrethrins cause in cats?

A
  • Excessive salivation
    *tremors
    *ataxia
    *depression
    *hyperthermia/hypothermia
23
Q

What can be used to treat pyrethrin toxicity in cats?

A

*Bathing
*Emesis
*Activated charcoal
*Diazepam
*Methocarbamol

24
Q

What does paracetamol ingestion cause in cats?

A

*Oxidative injury to RBCs
*Hepatotoxic 24hrs post ingestion
*Vomiting, abdominal pain, tachycardia, pallor, cyanosis

25
Q

How is paracetamol toxicity treated?

A

*Emesis within 2hrs of ingestion
*Activated charcoal
*Cathartics
*Aggressive IIVFT

26
Q

What detoxifies toxic metabolites of paracetamol?

A

N-acetylcysteine

27
Q

How does ethylene glycol cause toxicity?

A

1.Ethylene glycol metabolises to glycolic acid (metabolic acidosis) and oxalic acid
2.Oxalic acid combines with calcium in blood vessels + renal tubules
3.Hypocalcaemia, Obstructed tubules, Renal epithelial damage

METABOLITES CAUSE SEVERE CLINICAL SIGNS

28
Q

What are the three phases of clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

*Phase 1 = 30min post ingestion - lasts 2-12hrs
-Ataxia, tachycardia, PUPD, vomiting
-NEED TO TREAT early or fatal
*Phase 2 = 8-24hr post ingestion
-Metabolic acidosis, anorexia, emesis, depression, miosis, hypothermia
*Phase 3 = 1-3 days post ingestion
-Oliguric renal failure, oral ulceration, salivation, vomiting, seizures

29
Q

What is the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

*Ethanol - prevents metabolism of EG to glycolic acid
-must be given as soon as possible after ingestion
*Fomepizole
*Supportive tx - IVFT

30
Q

What are the signs of Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning? (Warfarin)

A

*Vit K antagonist - CLotting factors = vit K dependent = inactivated = Coagulopathies
*Onest 1-3days post ingestion

31
Q

How is anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning diagnosed?

A

*History
*Coagulation screen - WBCT, PT, aPTT

32
Q

What is the treatment of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

A

*Vitamin K1 - Orally

33
Q

What does Cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning cause?

A
  • Increases calcium absorption by:
  • Absorption from intestine
  • Osteoclastic resorption from bone
  • Reabsorption in distal renal tubules
34
Q

How is cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning treated?

A

*Manage as poisoning first = emetic, activated charcoal
*Then treat hypercalcaemia - give saline (Induces excretion of calcium)
-give calcitonin

35
Q

What does metaldehyde / slug pellet poisoning cause?

A

*CNS stimulation - Loss of GABA inhibition
*Acute neurotoxicity, then hepatotoxicity
*Hyperaesthesia, anxiety, restlessness, salivation, muscle tremors, incoordination, opisthotonus, tachycardia, seizures, coma, death
*If survive neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity may be fatal

36
Q

What is the treatment of slug pellet poisoning?

A

*Emesis
*Gastric Lavage
*Followed by liquid paraffin
*Fluid therapy
*Diazepam / phenobarbital / propofol

37
Q

What does NSAID poisoning cause?

A
  • Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis through COX inhibition
  • Variable toxicity (GI ulceration, nephrotoxicity)
38
Q

How is NSAID toxicity diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis depends on history, clinical signs and blood sampling

39
Q

How is NSAID toxicity treated?

A

*Emesis
*Gastric lavage
*Adsorbents
*Cathartics
*Treat Gi ulceration - Sucralfate
-H2 antagonist (Ranitidine)
-omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)
*Treat AKI - IVFT

40
Q

Why is chocolate toxic?

A

Theobromide = methylxanthines

41
Q

Why is tea + coffee toxic?

A

Caffeine = Methylxanthine

42
Q

What can methylxanthine poisoning cause?

A
  • GIT upset
  • Cardiac signs such as supraventricular or ventricular
    arrhythmias
  • CNS sigs such as tremors and seizures
43
Q

How is methylxanthine poisoning treated?

A

*Emesis
*Activated charcoal

44
Q

What can consumption of grapes + raising cause?

A

*GI signs - vomiting / diarrhoea
*AKI - secondary to acute tubular necrosis

45
Q

How is grape/raisin toxicity treated?

A

*Emesis
*Multiple doses of activated charcoal
*IVFT

46
Q

What can marijuana/cannabis cause?

A

*Depression, disorientation, lethargy, incoordination
*Hypothermia (this needs monitoring)
*Compulsive eating (munchies)

47
Q

What can Xylitol (Sweetner) cause?

A

Found in chewing gum
*Causes massive insulin release = hypoglycaemia
*Collapsed dogs can show hyperglycaemia
*Can develop fatal hepatic necrosis

48
Q

How would you treat xylitol poisoning?

A

*Emesis
*Supportive tx - glucose
*N-acetylcysteine

49
Q

What damage does onions, garlic + leeks cause?

A

*Disulfide, + thiosulfate = metaboised to damage RBCs
*Heinz bodies, haemolysis, methaemoglobinemia

MOD (103 decks)

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