vascular disorders Flashcards by Hailey Dlugolinski

arteries carry _____ blood _____ the heart

oxygenated, away

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veins carry _____ blood _____ the heart

deoxygenated, back to

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arteries carry blood from the ____ to the ____

aorta to the body

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veins return blood via the _______

inferior and superior vena cava

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what does the lymphatic system do?

-fluid/waste removal
-absorption of fatty acids
-produce immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma)

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what is a disorder of natural blood flow?

peripheral vascular disease

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what are the 2 types of PVD?

arterial and venous disorders

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what are examples of arterial disorders?

reynauds, intermittent claudication

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if you have peripheral artery disease, you are also likely to have _____ simultaneously

CAD

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what is an example of venous disorders

chronic venous insufficiency

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what kind of disorder is where there is not enough blood to the lower extremities (clogged blockages)?

arterial

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what kind of disorder is characterized by pressure from blood not returning to the heart?

venous

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what is a sign of intermittent claudication

painful ambulation

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what is a cause of intermittent claudication?

atherosclerosis

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what is the process of intermittent claudication?

-narrowing of arteries in legs
-reduced blood flow
-ischemia / limb necrosis

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does pain with intermittent claudication increase or decrease with ambulation?

increase

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presentation of client with intermittent claudication?

-leg pain
-erythema legs/feet
-wound (hard to heal)
-cool skin

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labs and tests to find intermittent claudication

-CBC BMP D-dimer
-CT/MRI
-vascular ultrasound
-angiography

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acute interventions for intermittent claudication

-rest legs (dependent position)
-warm compresses

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surgical interventions for intermittent claudication

-angioplasty
-vascular surgery (bypass)

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what are complications of intermittent claudication?

-limb ischemia
-pain at rest and walking
-hard to heal ulcers

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causes of reynauds?

-cold
-stress
-smoking
-idiopathic

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what is happening in reynauds?

-smaller arteries to skin = narrow
-limits blood flow via vasospasm

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how will the client presents with reynauds?

-n/t in fingers/toes
-skin pale / blue / reddened

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pharmacology for reynauds

-calcium channel blockers -vasodilators

what calcium channel blockers are used fro reynauds?

-amlodipine

what vasodilator is used for reynauds?

nitro

nursing care for reynauds

-gradual warming -pain relievers -avoid cold -quit smoking -avoid stress -wounds

what are venous thromboembolisms and types

moving blood clot, DVT and PE

what do you use for VTE prophylaxis? (DVT/PE)

-heparin SQ (5000 u ) -enoxaparin SQ (weight based)

causes of VTEs?

-virchow's triad (endothelial damage, venous stasis, altered coag) -immobility -surgery/injury -pregnancy

what makes up virchow's triad?

-endothelial damage (artery lining) -venous stasis (not moving) -altered coagulation (higher risk)

how does a patient with VTE present?

-asymptomatic -redness to calf -tender/pain -edema

what are labs used to find VTE?

-CBC/BMP -D-Dimer -venous doppler US

pharmacology for VTE (and examples)

anticoagulants (apixaban and enoxaparin)

acute interventions of VTE

-TPA (altepase)only if PE -thrombectomy -vena cava filter

complications of VTE

-pulmonary embolism (PE) -CVA -PTS (post thrombotic syndrome)

causes of chronic venous insufficiency?

-vericose veins!!! -age -extended sitting/standing -PTS -trauma

what happens in chronic venous insufficiency

-venous valves incompetent -stretch = improper closing of veins -pooling of blood in veins -increased pressure = increased stretch

how will clint present with chronic venous insufficiency?

-swelling on lower extremities -aching / fatigue in legs -vericose veins -color change -flaking/itchy skin -venous stasis ulcers (wet)

labs to find CVI?

-CBC/BMP -D-Dimer

diagnostic tests to find CVI

-vascular US -CT -XRay

pharmacology used for CVI

-antibiotics (if infection present) -vena stat

complications of CVI

-cellulitis -difficult to heal ulcers

nursing care and considerations for CVI

-compression socks -avoid prolonged sitting/standing -catch early -elevate legs -good hygeine -quit smoking

causes of lymphedema

removal/damage of lymph node

what is happening in lymphedema

-swelling unilateral or bilateral -lymph system blocked -lack of drainage -tissue swelling / edema

how will a client with lymphedema present?

-swelling in one or both arm/leg -heavyness/tightness -dec. ROM -fibrosis

diagnostics used to diagnose lymphedema?

-CT scan -dopper US

meds that can help with lymphedema?

antibiotics

treatments for lymphedema?

-compression -decongestive therapy -surgery

complications from lymphedema?

cellulitis

considerations for lymphedema?

-compression dressing!! -elevate -avoid ice/heat -good hygeine avoid tight clothes

causes of cellulitis?

-injury -skin conditions -lymphedema -immunocompromised -animal bites

what happens with lymphedema?

-infection in tissue -spreads through blood / lymph -can be life threatening

how will client present with cellulitis?

-red/swell -pain/tender -warmth -progress to S&S of infection

labs to diagnose cellulitis

-CBC / BMP -BLOOD CULTURES -OUTLINE W MARKER -CT SCAN

meds that can help cellulitis (and examples)

-antibiotics (vanc/penicillin/clindamycin)

what route of meds are chosen for cellulitis?

oral first, if no response IV

complications from cellulitis?

sepsis lymphedema necrotizing fasciitis

how can nurses help with cellulitis

-proper wound care -protect skin -DM care -treat infection -elevate -cool damp cloth -analgesics

proper wound care for cellulitis

soap and water

how to protect skin with cellulitis

clean, dry, cover

why do you elevate with cellulitis?

blood back to heart