diabetes

Question 1

what is the goal of diabetes?

Answer 1

to prevent complication

Question 2

what groups is there more prevalence for diabetes?

Answer 2

AAs, hispanic americans, asian americans, native americans

Question 3

classifications of diabetes

Answer 3

-type 1
-type 2
-gestational diabetes
-latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
-diabetes associated with other conditions or syndromes

Question 4

what helps prevent prediabetes

Answer 4

screenings

Question 5

what are the risk factors of COVID-19 involving diabetes?

Answer 5

-inc. risk of contracting covid
-increased risk of hospitalization w/ covid
-inc, risk of intubation and mortality

Question 6

what is the hormone secreted by the beta cells

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

what organ has beta cells that produce insulin?

Answer 7

pancreas

Question 8

as blood sugar drops, the secretion of insulin _____

Answer 8

subsides

Question 9

what are some actions of insulin?

Answer 9

transport/metabolism for energy, stop glucose release, stimulate glycogen storage in muscle, enhance storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue, transport amino acids in cells, inhibit breakdown of storage glucose, protein, and fat

Question 10

liver stores glucose in the form of _______

Answer 10

glycogen

Question 11

_______ is the main source of energy

Answer 11

glucose

Question 12

patho of insulin

Answer 12

glucose drops -> increased glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glucose) and gluconeogenesis (production of glucose) -> blood glucose increases

Question 13

what type of diabetes is the destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Answer 13

type 1

Question 14

what type of diabetes has an exogenous insulin dependency

Answer 14

type 1

Question 15

diabetes type 1 is an autoimmune response to ….

Answer 15

-genetics
-immunologic
-environmental

Question 16

patho of type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

no insulin -> glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glucose) -> gluconeogenesis (production of glucose) -> hyperglycemia -> glucose not stored in blood -> remains in blood stream -> post-prandial hyperglycemia (180-200) -> kidneys can’t reabsorb -> glycosuria and osmotic diuresis

Question 17

when is type 2 diabetes diagnosed

Answer 17

after 30

Question 18

what is any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy

Answer 18

gestational diabetes

Question 19

secretion of _______ causes insulin resistance during pregnancy

Answer 19

placental hormones

Question 20

gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing _______ disorders during pregnancy

Answer 20

hypertensive

Question 21

what is the progression of autoimmune beta cell destruction?

Answer 21

latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)

Question 22

when is LADA diagnosed?

Answer 22

<50

Question 23

what is the BMI of someone with LADA

Answer 23

< 25

Question 24

clinical manifestations of diabetes

Answer 24

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia

Question 25

eat a snack of how many carbs before exercise with diabetes?

Answer 25

15g

Question 26

onset of rapid-acting

Answer 26

15-30 mins

Question 27

peak of rapid

Answer 27

30 min - 2.5 hours

Question 28

duration of rapid

Answer 28

3-6 hours

Question 29

onset of short acting

Answer 29

30-60 min

Question 30

peak of short acting

Answer 30

1-5 hr

Question 31

duration of short acting

Answer 31

6-10 hr

Question 32

onset of intermediate

Answer 32

1-2 hr

Question 33

peak of intermediate

Answer 33

4-12 hr

Question 34

duration of intermediate

Answer 34

16 hr

Question 35

onset of long acting

Answer 35

2-4 hr

Question 36

peak of long acting

Answer 36

continuous

Question 37

duration if long acting

Answer 37

24

Question 38

what is an example of biguanides and what is the action

Answer 38

-metformin -reduce production of glucose by the liver

Question 39

side effects and implication of metformin

Answer 39

-se=lactic acidosis -hold 48 hrs prior and after contrast dye

Question 40

what are DPP4 inhibitors

Answer 40

"gliptan"s

Question 41

side effect of DPP4 inhibitors

Answer 41

-upper resp infection -runny nose / sore throat -headache

Question 42

what letter do sulfonylurea drugs start with?

Answer 42

G

Question 43

what is the target glucose in the hospital?

Answer 43

140-180

Question 44

s/sx of hypoglycemia?

Answer 44

HA, cold, clamy, confused, hungry, dizzy, shaky

Question 45

what type of diabetes is DKA found in?

Answer 45

1

Question 46

metabolic derangement as a result of insulin deficiency

Answer 46

DKA

Question 47

what is the glucose range of DKA

Answer 47

250-800

Question 48

what is included in DKA?

Answer 48

-hyperglycemia -ketosis -metabolic acidosis

Question 49

what is treatment of DKA?

Answer 49

rehydrate (NaCl 0.9% or D5W if over 300) restore electrolytes reverse acidosis with insulin continuous infusion

Question 50

what type is HHS found in

Answer 50

2

Question 51

glucose levels of hhs

Answer 51

600-2000

Question 52

is there acidosis in hhs

Answer 52

no

Question 53

is there ketonuris in hhs

Answer 53

mild or undetected

Question 54

management of hhs

Answer 54

-rehydrate!!! -restore electrolytes -control hyperglycemia with insulin, not too fast