diabetes Flashcards
what is the goal of diabetes?
to prevent complication
what groups is there more prevalence for diabetes?
AAs, hispanic americans, asian americans, native americans
classifications of diabetes
-type 1
-type 2
-gestational diabetes
-latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
-diabetes associated with other conditions or syndromes
what helps prevent prediabetes
screenings
what are the risk factors of COVID-19 involving diabetes?
-inc. risk of contracting covid
-increased risk of hospitalization w/ covid
-inc, risk of intubation and mortality
what is the hormone secreted by the beta cells
insulin
what organ has beta cells that produce insulin?
pancreas
as blood sugar drops, the secretion of insulin _____
subsides
what are some actions of insulin?
transport/metabolism for energy, stop glucose release, stimulate glycogen storage in muscle, enhance storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue, transport amino acids in cells, inhibit breakdown of storage glucose, protein, and fat
liver stores glucose in the form of _______
glycogen
_______ is the main source of energy
glucose
patho of insulin
glucose drops -> increased glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glucose) and gluconeogenesis (production of glucose) -> blood glucose increases
what type of diabetes is the destruction of pancreatic beta cells
type 1
what type of diabetes has an exogenous insulin dependency
type 1
diabetes type 1 is an autoimmune response to ….
-genetics
-immunologic
-environmental
patho of type 1 diabetes
no insulin -> glycogenolysis (breakdown of stored glucose) -> gluconeogenesis (production of glucose) -> hyperglycemia -> glucose not stored in blood -> remains in blood stream -> post-prandial hyperglycemia (180-200) -> kidneys can’t reabsorb -> glycosuria and osmotic diuresis
when is type 2 diabetes diagnosed
after 30
what is any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
secretion of _______ causes insulin resistance during pregnancy
placental hormones
gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing _______ disorders during pregnancy
hypertensive
what is the progression of autoimmune beta cell destruction?
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
when is LADA diagnosed?
<50
what is the BMI of someone with LADA
< 25
clinical manifestations of diabetes
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
eat a snack of how many carbs before exercise with diabetes?
15g
onset of rapid-acting
15-30 mins
peak of rapid
30 min - 2.5 hours
duration of rapid
3-6 hours
onset of short acting
30-60 min
peak of short acting
1-5 hr
duration of short acting
6-10 hr
onset of intermediate
1-2 hr
peak of intermediate
4-12 hr
duration of intermediate
16 hr
onset of long acting
2-4 hr
peak of long acting
continuous
duration if long acting
24
what is an example of biguanides and what is the action
-metformin
-reduce production of glucose by the liver
side effects and implication of metformin
-se=lactic acidosis
-hold 48 hrs prior and after contrast dye
what are DPP4 inhibitors
“gliptan”s
side effect of DPP4 inhibitors
-upper resp infection
-runny nose / sore throat
-headache
what letter do sulfonylurea drugs start with?
G
what is the target glucose in the hospital?
140-180
s/sx of hypoglycemia?
HA, cold, clamy, confused, hungry, dizzy, shaky
what type of diabetes is DKA found in?
1
metabolic derangement as a result of insulin deficiency
DKA
what is the glucose range of DKA
250-800
what is included in DKA?
-hyperglycemia
-ketosis
-metabolic acidosis
what is treatment of DKA?
rehydrate (NaCl 0.9% or D5W if over 300)
restore electrolytes
reverse acidosis with insulin continuous infusion
what type is HHS found in
2
glucose levels of hhs
600-2000
is there acidosis in hhs
no
is there ketonuris in hhs
mild or undetected
management of hhs
-rehydrate!!!
-restore electrolytes
-control hyperglycemia with insulin, not too fast
