immunity (4) Flashcards
what is the body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism
immunity
What is the function of the immune system
its the body’s defense mechanism: it looks for bad cells
- defense against physical injury and infection
it maintains homeostasis
- equilibrium of internal environment
- surveillance
What factors affect the immune system?
- genetics (born with genetic deficiency, IgG deficient)
- general physical condition (good overall health; poor= worse)
- medications (steroids)
- dietary patterns (supplements)
- stress
what are the two types of lymphocytes involved with bone marrow?
B cells and T cells
where are b cells found
bone marrow
where are t cells found
thymus
what cells are responsible for humoral immunity and has antibody production
b cells
what cells are responsible for cellular immunity and has several types
t cells
what two things are made out of lymphoid tissue
spleen and lymph nodes
what filters out old and injured RBC and has a high concentration of lymphocytes
spleen
what are all over the body, connected by lymph channels and capillaries, removes foreign materials before they enter the bloodstream and are the center for immune cell proliferation
lymph nodes
what do the lymph nodes do
surveillance
what is the function of the immune system
-remove foreign antigens, maintain homeostasis, immunity
what are the two types of immunity
natural/innate and acquired/adaptive
what kind of immunity is nonspecific and present at birth
natural/innate
what kind of immunity is specific and occurs after birth
acquired/adaptive
What kind of immunity is the defense against and resistance to infection, has an inflammatory response, physical/chemical barriers, and immune regulation?
natural/innate immunity
What kind of immunity is “learned” through exposure; either a contracted disease or vaccinations, and has two types?
Acquired/Adaptive immunity
What are the two types of acquired/adaptive immunity?
Active and passive
Which kind of acquired/adaptive immunity has defense’s developed by person’s own body (created from being sick, lasts a long time/lifetime)
active
which kind of acquired/adaptive immunity is temporary from a source outside of the body (from someone else)?
passive
infections and vaccinations fall under which kind of acquired/adaptive immunity?
active
maternal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies fall under which kind of acquired/adaptive immunity?
passive
Antibodies passed on in breast milk are considered what type of immunity?
A. Passive
B. Active
C. Innate
D. Barrier
A. Passive
Preformed antibodies passed on from breast milk are passive adaptive immunity
What are the three types of defense against the invasion of bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens
phagocytic immune response, humoral or antibody immune response, cellular immune response
which defense response is the “everyday cleanup” of random bacteria, where WBCs ingest and destroy foreign particles?
Phagocytic immune response
which defense response is seen in bacteria/virus before, is fast/strong/specific, and is where B cells respond with antiobodies?
Humoral or antibody immune response
which defense response is slow, has long-term damage, saves antibodies, and is where the T cells attack foreign particles?
cellular immune response
which immune response is first line and includes macrophages and -phils
phagocytic
which kind of immunity includes recognition of antigen, immunoglobins (born with these), and the production of antibodies
humoral immunity (B cells)
what are the responses of humoral immunity
anaphylaxis, allergic hay fever & asthma, immune complex disease, and bacterial & some viral infections
what is the most common humoral antibody
IgG
which humoral immunity antibody focuses on blood and tissue infections, activates complement system (asks for help), enhances phagocytosis, and crosses the placenta?
IgG
which humoral antibody is found in breast milk, saliva, tears, colostrum, and bronchial/intestinal secretions and prevents adherence of microorganisms to mucosal epithelium
IgA
what humoral antibody is mostly in intravascular system, first produced in response to bacterial or viral infections, and has blood group compatibility?
IgM
what humoral antibody is found in people with atopic allergies/infected with parasitic worms and the antigen triggers release of histamine and initiates the cascade
IgE
What humoral antibody possibly activates basophils and mast cells, signals B cells to be activated
IgD
what are the prevalence of the humoral immunity antibodies
IgG (75%)
IgA (15%)
IgM (10%)
IgE (< 1%)
IgD (< 1%)
what kind of immunity is matures in the thymus, circulates in peripheral blood, does not produce antibodies, and the major role is surveillance
Cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
what are the responses of cell-mediated response
transplant rejection, delayed hypersensitivity (TB reaction) Graft-versus-host disease, tumor surveillance (recognition or destruction)
What are the three types of t lymphocytes
effector t cells: helper t cells, cytotoxic t cells, natural killer cells
What T cells facilitate action of other types T & B cells, stimulate immune system, and releases cytokines
Helper T Cells (CD4)
what T cells directly attack the antigen, causes lysis, and releases cytokines
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
What cells destroy infected and stressed cells and secrete macrophage cytokine
natural killer cells
what are the cellular changes in the inflammatory response
phagocytosis (1st reaction), increased leukocytes (granulocytes and monocytes), release of chemical mediators (mast cells and macrophages)
what are the vascular changes in the inflammatory response
vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased blood flow, local tissue congestion
what are the systemic effects of the inflammatory response
fever, leukocytosis (increased wbc), malaise, anorexia, sepsis
what are the local effects of the inflammatory response
redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function
what mediates interactions between cells
cytokines
what are cytokines produced by
lymphocytes (signals for WBCs)
what are the four functions of cytokines
-enhancement of phagocyte activity (start attack)
-regulate lymphocyte production and function
-inflammatory response
-systemic effects: fever, bone marrow stimulation
what type of cytokines activate inflammation, induces fever, activate t,b, and nk cells and is general inflammation
Interleukins
Cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival, and activation of hematopoietic cells; increased production in bone marrow, WBC, RBC, and platelets
colony-stimulating factor (CSE)
what type of cytokines have antiviral and antitumor properties and are prevalent if there is a virus
interferons
what type of cytokines induce endotoxic shock, growth factor for fibroblasts, necrotizes tumor cells, and kill tumors
Tumor necrosis factor
what type of cytokines are made in a lab to stimulate immune system, target the antigen, and turn up or down immunity
monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
what type of WBC makes antibodies
A. T cell
B. CD8 cell
C. macrophage
D. B cell
D. B cell
Rational: “memory” b cells create antibodies for a fast and strong immune response on second exposure
which immune response is considered the first line response to a foreign invader?
A. innate
B. Antibody medicated
C. phagocytic
D. Cellular
C. Phagocytic
Rational: the phagocytic immune response is the “quick and dirty” of the immune response, WBCs ingest and destroy invades on contact
what are treatments that alter immune response
surgery (portal of entry), radiation (trash bone marrow), drug therapy, and immunotherapy- Biologic Response Modifiers (mab drugs)
what are the two drug therapies
chemotherapy and immunosuppression
what are the two types of immunosuppression
transplants and anti-inflammatory
what are the immunotherapies
growth factors, interleukins, and interferons
true or false: gender is an important consideration in assessing risk for immune disorders
True
Rational: the sex hormones are felt to play a part in immune response and immune disorders
