cardio system

Question 1

describe coronary blood flow

Answer 1

inferior and superior vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins (left atria), bicuspid/mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, systemic circulation

Question 2

systole is the _____ phase, while diastole is the _____ phase

Answer 2

contracting, relaxation

Question 3

during diastole, what do the 4 chambers of the heart do?

Answer 3

relax simultaneously

Question 4

describe systole?

Answer 4

not simultaneous, atrial systole is at the end of diastole, and then ventricular diastole

Question 5

what is the widow-maker

Answer 5

circumflex artery and left anterior descending

Question 6

what makes up electrophysiology?

Answer 6

automaticity
excitability
conductivity

Question 7

what is automaticity?

Answer 7

initiating a electrical impulse

Question 8

what is excitability

Answer 8

responding

Question 9

what is conductivity?

Answer 9

transmitting impulses

Question 10

what is the primary pacemaker of the heart

Answer 10

SA node

Question 11

what is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 11

AV node

Question 12

what helps with left ventricular contraction?

Answer 12

bundle of HIS

Question 13

order of conduction

Answer 13

SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, purkinje fibers

Question 14

what kind of pacemaker send impulses to the right atrium?

Answer 14

single chamber

Question 15

what kind fo pacemaker send impulses to right atrium and ventricle to control contractions.

Answer 15

dual chamber

Question 16

what pacemaker is for heart failure or abnormal electrical systems

Answer 16

biventricular

Question 17

what is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters/minute.

Answer 17

cardiac output

Question 18

what is normal cardiac output?

Answer 18

4-6L

Question 19

amount of blood ejected from left ventricle per heartbeat

Answer 19

stroke volume

Question 20

how to calculate cardiac output?

Answer 20

SV x HR = ___ml, then find ml / min

Question 21

what is ventricular stretch at the end of diastole?

Answer 21

preload

Question 22

what is the amount of blood ready to be spread?

Answer 22

preload

Question 23

what is the resistance to ejection?

Answer 23

afterload

Question 24

what is the force generated by contraction?

Answer 24

contractility

Question 25

more blood to the heart (exercise) = _____ stretch, which leads to the heart having to ______

Answer 25

increased, contract harder

Question 26

what is the frank-starling law of the heart?

Answer 26

as preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume

Question 27

where are baroreceptors found?

Answer 27

aortic arch and carotid artery

Question 28

what are stretch receptors that respond to blood pressure

Answer 28

baroreceptors

Question 29

what are causes of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 29

-dehydration -heart problems -endocrine problems -nervous system disorders

Question 30

what are risk factors of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 30

-age -meds -diseases -bedrest

Question 31

what are complications of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 31

falls, stroke, CV diseases

Question 32

what is the end diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat?

Answer 32

ejection fraction

Question 33

what is ejection fraction helpful in determining?

Answer 33

heart failure

Question 34

what is a normal ejection fraction?

Answer 34

55-65% (50-70 is good)

Question 35

_____ is a good ejection fraction, ___ is medium, ________ is really bad

Answer 35

50-70, 41-49, less than 40

Question 36

what are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 36

-smoking -HTN -inactivity -hyperlipidemia -obese -poor diet -alcoholism -diabetes

Question 37

what shows electrical conductivity of the heart and detects arrythmias

Answer 37

EKG/ECG

Question 38

what many electrodes and leads are used for ECG/EKG?

Answer 38

12 lead, 10 electrode

Question 39

what test uses sound waves to produce images of the heart

Answer 39

echocardiogram

Question 40

what test assesses ejection fraction for determination of CHF stages

Answer 40

echocardiogram

Question 41

what labs are cardiac biomarkers?

Answer 41

-CK -CK-MB -troponin (serial troponin)

Question 42

what is the goal value for troponin?

Answer 42

0.0-0.10

Question 43

what is BTNP used to test for?

Answer 43

heart failure

Question 44

normals levels of BTNP are ____ if youre 0-74 years, ______ if youre 75-99

Answer 44

less than 125, less than 450

Question 45

normals levels of BTNP WITH HEART FAILURE are ____ if youre UNDER 50 years, ______ if youre OVER 50

Answer 45

less than 450, less than 900

Question 46

what is a lipid profile used to test for?

Answer 46

CAD

Question 47

what is looked at in a lipid profile?

Answer 47

cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 48

normal level of cholesterol?

Answer 48

less than 200

Question 49

normal level for triglycerides?

Answer 49

less than 150

Question 50

what is c-reactive protein (CRP) used to look for?

Answer 50

inflammation