cardio system Flashcards
describe coronary blood flow
inferior and superior vena cava, right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins (left atria), bicuspid/mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, systemic circulation
systole is the _____ phase, while diastole is the _____ phase
contracting, relaxation
during diastole, what do the 4 chambers of the heart do?
relax simultaneously
describe systole?
not simultaneous, atrial systole is at the end of diastole, and then ventricular diastole
what is the widow-maker
circumflex artery and left anterior descending
what makes up electrophysiology?
automaticity
excitability
conductivity
what is automaticity?
initiating a electrical impulse
what is excitability
responding
what is conductivity?
transmitting impulses
what is the primary pacemaker of the heart
SA node
what is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
AV node
what helps with left ventricular contraction?
bundle of HIS
order of conduction
SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, purkinje fibers
what kind of pacemaker send impulses to the right atrium?
single chamber
what kind fo pacemaker send impulses to right atrium and ventricle to control contractions.
dual chamber
what pacemaker is for heart failure or abnormal electrical systems
biventricular
what is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in liters/minute.
cardiac output
what is normal cardiac output?
4-6L
amount of blood ejected from left ventricle per heartbeat
stroke volume
how to calculate cardiac output?
SV x HR = ___ml, then find ml / min
what is ventricular stretch at the end of diastole?
preload
what is the amount of blood ready to be spread?
preload
what is the resistance to ejection?
afterload
what is the force generated by contraction?
contractility
more blood to the heart (exercise) = _____ stretch, which leads to the heart having to ______
increased, contract harder
what is the frank-starling law of the heart?
as preload increases, muscle stretch increases resulting in contractions and subsequent greater stroke volume
where are baroreceptors found?
aortic arch and carotid artery
what are stretch receptors that respond to blood pressure
baroreceptors
what are causes of orthostatic hypotension?
-dehydration
-heart problems
-endocrine problems
-nervous system disorders
what are risk factors of orthostatic hypotension?
-age
-meds
-diseases
-bedrest
what are complications of orthostatic hypotension?
falls, stroke, CV diseases
what is the end diastolic blood volume ejected with each heartbeat?
ejection fraction
what is ejection fraction helpful in determining?
heart failure
what is a normal ejection fraction?
55-65% (50-70 is good)
_____ is a good ejection fraction, ___ is medium, ________ is really bad
50-70, 41-49, less than 40
what are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
-smoking
-HTN
-inactivity
-hyperlipidemia
-obese
-poor diet
-alcoholism
-diabetes
what shows electrical conductivity of the heart and detects arrythmias
EKG/ECG
what many electrodes and leads are used for ECG/EKG?
12 lead, 10 electrode
what test uses sound waves to produce images of the heart
echocardiogram
what test assesses ejection fraction for determination of CHF stages
echocardiogram
what labs are cardiac biomarkers?
-CK
-CK-MB
-troponin (serial troponin)
what is the goal value for troponin?
0.0-0.10
what is BTNP used to test for?
heart failure
normals levels of BTNP are ____ if youre 0-74 years, ______ if youre 75-99
less than 125, less than 450
normals levels of BTNP WITH HEART FAILURE are ____ if youre UNDER 50 years, ______ if youre OVER 50
less than 450, less than 900
what is a lipid profile used to test for?
CAD
what is looked at in a lipid profile?
cholesterol and triglycerides
normal level of cholesterol?
less than 200
normal level for triglycerides?
less than 150
what is c-reactive protein (CRP) used to look for?
inflammation
