oncology (4)

Question 1

abnormal cell growth, ignoring regulation signals

Answer 1

cancer

Question 2

what term means not cancerous, abnormal

Answer 2

benign

Question 3

what are cancerous cells, not cancer itself

Answer 3

malignant neoplasms

Question 4

abnormal tissue growth, not always cancer

Answer 4

tumor

Question 5

what is when cancer has spread from original site to other site

Answer 5

metastasis

Question 6

what are the leading cancer deaths in men

Answer 6

-prostate
-lung
-cholerectal

Question 7

what are leading cancer deaths in women

Answer 7

-breast
-lung
-cholerectal

Question 8

do men or women tend to have more cancer

Answer 8

men

Question 9

what is the genetic material that is altered in cancer

Answer 9

oncogenes

Question 10

what are risk factors associated with cancer

Answer 10

-red meat
-alcohol
-obesity

Question 11

what is the role of the immune system in cancer?

Answer 11

-surveillance
-intact immune system
-immune system invasion

Question 12

what stage of the cell cycle is skipped in cancer, its the resting phase with no proliferation

Answer 12

G0

Question 13

what stage of the cell cycle has RNA and protein synthesized

Answer 13

G1

Question 14

what stage of the cell cycle has synthesis of DNA and proteins of new chromosomes

Answer 14

S

Question 15

what stage of the cell cycle is preparation for cell division

Answer 15

G2

Question 16

what stage of the cell cycle is actual cell division, producing 2 daughter cells

Answer 16

M

Question 17

which stage of cancer prevention reduces the risks of cancer (HPV vaccine, diet)

Answer 17

primary prevention

Question 18

which prevention involves early detection and screening (breast self-exam, mammo, prostate screen)

Answer 18

secondary

Question 19

what stage of prevention happens after diagnosis and is prevention of complication

Answer 19

tertiary prevention

Question 20

which is primary prevention for cancer
-colonoscopy
-CT after cancer dx
-HPV vaccine
-genetic testing

Answer 20

HPV vaccine

Question 21

what is used to dx cancer

Answer 21

biopsy

Question 22

what categorization of tumors determines the size, invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis

Answer 22

staging

Question 23

what system is used to stage cancer

Answer 23

TNM (tumor, nodes, mets)

Question 24

what is the pathological classification of tumors, determines the type and differention

Answer 24

grading

Question 25

what stage is in situ cancer and very early lesions

Answer 25

stage 0

Question 26

what stage cancer is early invasion/no mets

Answer 26

stage 1

Question 27

what stage of cancer is limited to local extension of tumor and minimal node involvement

Answer 27

stage 2

Question 28

what stage of cancer is extensive local and nodal invasion

Answer 28

stage 3

Question 29

what stage cancer is distal metastasis where other organs are involved

Answer 29

stage 4

Question 30

what grades of cancer are well differentiated and deviated minimally from normal cells

Answer 30

grades 1 and 2

Question 31

what grades of cancer are poorly differentiated and most aberrant compared with normal cells

Answer 31

3 and 4

Question 32

what are the goals of cancer

Answer 32

cure and palliation

Question 33

what is palliative cancer surgery

Answer 33

remove tumor for comfort

Question 34

what is prophylactic cancer surgery

Answer 34

bilateral mastectomy, to prevent

Question 35

what kind of cells does radiation affect?

Answer 35

rapidly dividing cells -bone marrow -lymph tissue -epithelium of GI -hair follicles -gonads

Question 36

what kind of radiation is outside of body, provides a direct hit for local treatment. -all tissue in the pathway is effected -body has limited tolerance

Answer 36

external beam

Question 37

what is the use of implants at the treatment site

Answer 37

brachytherapy

Question 38

what kind of radiation involves radioactive implants or "seeds" -sealed source, site specific -no isolation, little exposure

Answer 38

internal radiation

Question 39

what type of radiation involves... -systemic treatment (inject/swallow) -patient and body radioactive -unsealed -shield staff / precautions

Answer 39

radioactive isotope

Question 40

what are sores in the mouth from radiation

Answer 40

-mucositis/somatitis

Question 41

what is skin care of someone undergoing radiation?

Answer 41

-no ointment, powder, soap, deodorant -no shaving with razor blade -do not wash off markings -loose clothing -protect from sun, cold, etc.

Question 42

chemo pt. has following values... WBC 2.5, plt 300,000, RBC 4.5: which precaution? -bleeding -infection -fall -clothing

Answer 42

infection normal WBC 4.5-11

Question 43

what meds work on rapidly dividing cells

Answer 43

antineoplastic drugs

Question 44

what is the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer called?

Answer 44

chemotherapy

Question 45

when is chemotherapy used?

Answer 45

-widespread/systemic disease -high risk of undetectable disease -tumor can't be resected and resistant to radiation -primary or combo treatment

Question 46

which route of chemo treats skin cancer

Answer 46

topical

Question 47

which route of chemo treats hepatic cancer

Answer 47

intra-arterial

Question 48

which route of chemo treats abdominal, bladder, or pleural cancer

Answer 48

intracavitary

Question 49

which route of chemo treats ovarian cancer

Answer 49

intraperitoneal

Question 50

which route of chemo treats CNS tumors

Answer 50

intrathecal

Question 51

what are hematopoietic changes of chemo

Answer 51

-leukopenia -anemia -thrombocytopenia -may interrupt treatment

Question 52

what are the mucositis/somatitis effects of chemo

Answer 52

-oral, rectal, vaginal -GI (diarrhea)

Question 53

what are skin changes of chemo

Answer 53

-hair loss -skin reaction

Question 54

what are the types of adverse effects of chemo

Answer 54

-hematopoietic changes -mucositis/somatitis -n/v -skin changes

Question 55

which chemo drug is cardiac toxic

Answer 55

doxorubicin

Question 56

which chemo med is hepatic toxic

Answer 56

5-FU

Question 57

which chemo med is renal toxic?

Answer 57

cisplatin, cytoxan

Question 58

which chemo med is neurologic toxic

Answer 58

cisplatin and plant alkaloids

Question 59

what meds stimulate the immune system generally

Answer 59

nonspecific biologic response modifiers

Question 60

what meds destroy specific malignant cells and spare normal cells

Answer 60

monoclonal antibodies

Question 61

what treats myelosuppression?

Answer 61

colony stimulating factors

Question 62

what kind of meals should cancer pts have?

Answer 62

small frequent meals

Question 63

what is oral care for cancer pts?

Answer 63

rinses with sodium bicarb to neutralize

Question 64

what sensory changes will occur with cancer treatment

Answer 64

taste and smell alterations

Question 65

what do visitors need to do if the pt has neutropenia?

Answer 65

wear mask in the room, put a mask on the patient when they leave room, check policy (risk for infection)

Question 66

what is the cardinal symptom of neutropenia?

Answer 66

fever

Question 67

what can a patient with neutropenia not have?

Answer 67

fresh flowers, fruits, vegtables, yogurt with active cultures

Question 68

what is given for a patient with anemia

Answer 68

erythropoietin (epoetin alfa)

Question 69

what are special precautions for thrombocytopenia?

Answer 69

-no razors -no aspirin -no IM injection -may require platelets -monitor bleeding

Question 70

fam of a pt receiving external beam radiation wants to know if they can gather for a baby shower 6 hrs after treatment -patient should not be around preg people -pt will need to be hospitalized 24h -dont allow them to be near anyone that is sick -sure

Answer 70

dont allow patient to be around people that are sick, they are at risk for infection

Question 71

patient diagnosed with lung cancfer asks why it wasn't caught until it was spread -you must not have had screenings -symptoms dont show until late stage -its genetics -no test for lung cancer

Answer 71

-symptoms dont show until late stage