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Adults > oncology (4) > Flashcards

oncology (4) Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal cell growth, ignoring regulation signals

A

cancer

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2
Q

what term means not cancerous, abnormal

A

benign

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3
Q

what are cancerous cells, not cancer itself

A

malignant neoplasms

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4
Q

abnormal tissue growth, not always cancer

A

tumor

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5
Q

what is when cancer has spread from original site to other site

A

metastasis

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6
Q

what are the leading cancer deaths in men

A

-prostate
-lung
-cholerectal

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7
Q

what are leading cancer deaths in women

A

-breast
-lung
-cholerectal

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8
Q

do men or women tend to have more cancer

A

men

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9
Q

what is the genetic material that is altered in cancer

A

oncogenes

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10
Q

what are risk factors associated with cancer

A

-red meat
-alcohol
-obesity

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11
Q

what is the role of the immune system in cancer?

A

-surveillance
-intact immune system
-immune system invasion

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12
Q

what stage of the cell cycle is skipped in cancer, its the resting phase with no proliferation

A

G0

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13
Q

what stage of the cell cycle has RNA and protein synthesized

A

G1

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14
Q

what stage of the cell cycle has synthesis of DNA and proteins of new chromosomes

A

S

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15
Q

what stage of the cell cycle is preparation for cell division

A

G2

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16
Q

what stage of the cell cycle is actual cell division, producing 2 daughter cells

A

M

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17
Q

which stage of cancer prevention reduces the risks of cancer (HPV vaccine, diet)

A

primary prevention

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18
Q

which prevention involves early detection and screening (breast self-exam, mammo, prostate screen)

A

secondary

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19
Q

what stage of prevention happens after diagnosis and is prevention of complication

A

tertiary prevention

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20
Q

which is primary prevention for cancer
-colonoscopy
-CT after cancer dx
-HPV vaccine
-genetic testing

A

HPV vaccine

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21
Q

what is used to dx cancer

A

biopsy

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22
Q

what categorization of tumors determines the size, invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis

A

staging

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23
Q

what system is used to stage cancer

A

TNM (tumor, nodes, mets)

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24
Q

what is the pathological classification of tumors, determines the type and differention

A

grading

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25
Q

what stage is in situ cancer and very early lesions

A

stage 0

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26
Q

what stage cancer is early invasion/no mets

A

stage 1

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27
Q

what stage of cancer is limited to local extension of tumor and minimal node involvement

A

stage 2

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28
Q

what stage of cancer is extensive local and nodal invasion

A

stage 3

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29
Q

what stage cancer is distal metastasis where other organs are involved

A

stage 4

30
Q

what grades of cancer are well differentiated and deviated minimally from normal cells

A

grades 1 and 2

31
Q

what grades of cancer are poorly differentiated and most aberrant compared with normal cells

A

3 and 4

32
Q

what are the goals of cancer

A

cure and palliation

33
Q

what is palliative cancer surgery

A

remove tumor for comfort

34
Q

what is prophylactic cancer surgery

A

bilateral mastectomy, to prevent

35
Q

what kind of cells does radiation affect?

A

rapidly dividing cells
-bone marrow
-lymph tissue
-epithelium of GI
-hair follicles
-gonads

36
Q

what kind of radiation is outside of body, provides a direct hit for local treatment.
-all tissue in the pathway is effected
-body has limited tolerance

A

external beam

37
Q

what is the use of implants at the treatment site

A

brachytherapy

38
Q

what kind of radiation involves radioactive
implants or “seeds”
-sealed source, site specific
-no isolation, little exposure

A

internal radiation

39
Q

what type of radiation involves…
-systemic treatment (inject/swallow)
-patient and body radioactive
-unsealed
-shield staff / precautions

A

radioactive isotope

40
Q

what are sores in the mouth from radiation

A

-mucositis/somatitis

41
Q

what is skin care of someone undergoing radiation?

A

-no ointment, powder, soap, deodorant
-no shaving with razor blade
-do not wash off markings
-loose clothing
-protect from sun, cold, etc.

42
Q

chemo pt. has following values… WBC 2.5, plt 300,000, RBC 4.5: which precaution?
-bleeding
-infection
-fall
-clothing

A

infection
normal WBC 4.5-11

43
Q

what meds work on rapidly dividing cells

A

antineoplastic drugs

44
Q

what is the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer called?

A

chemotherapy

45
Q

when is chemotherapy used?

A

-widespread/systemic disease
-high risk of undetectable disease
-tumor can’t be resected and resistant to radiation
-primary or combo treatment

46
Q

which route of chemo treats skin cancer

A

topical

47
Q

which route of chemo treats hepatic cancer

A

intra-arterial

48
Q

which route of chemo treats abdominal, bladder, or pleural cancer

A

intracavitary

49
Q

which route of chemo treats ovarian cancer

A

intraperitoneal

50
Q

which route of chemo treats CNS tumors

A

intrathecal

51
Q

what are hematopoietic changes of chemo

A

-leukopenia
-anemia
-thrombocytopenia
-may interrupt treatment

52
Q

what are the mucositis/somatitis effects of chemo

A

-oral, rectal, vaginal
-GI (diarrhea)

53
Q

what are skin changes of chemo

A

-hair loss
-skin reaction

54
Q

what are the types of adverse effects of chemo

A

-hematopoietic changes
-mucositis/somatitis
-n/v
-skin changes

55
Q

which chemo drug is cardiac toxic

A

doxorubicin

56
Q

which chemo med is hepatic toxic

A

5-FU

57
Q

which chemo med is renal toxic?

A

cisplatin, cytoxan

58
Q

which chemo med is neurologic toxic

A

cisplatin and plant alkaloids

59
Q

what meds stimulate the immune system generally

A

nonspecific biologic response modifiers

60
Q

what meds destroy specific malignant cells and spare normal cells

A

monoclonal antibodies

61
Q

what treats myelosuppression?

A

colony stimulating factors

62
Q

what kind of meals should cancer pts have?

A

small frequent meals

63
Q

what is oral care for cancer pts?

A

rinses with sodium bicarb to neutralize

64
Q

what sensory changes will occur with cancer treatment

A

taste and smell alterations

65
Q

what do visitors need to do if the pt has neutropenia?

A

wear mask in the room, put a mask on the patient when they leave room, check policy (risk for infection)

66
Q

what is the cardinal symptom of neutropenia?

A

fever

67
Q

what can a patient with neutropenia not have?

A

fresh flowers, fruits, vegtables, yogurt with active cultures

68
Q

what is given for a patient with anemia

A

erythropoietin (epoetin alfa)

69
Q

what are special precautions for thrombocytopenia?

A

-no razors
-no aspirin
-no IM injection
-may require platelets
-monitor bleeding

70
Q

fam of a pt receiving external beam radiation wants to know if they can gather for a baby shower 6 hrs after treatment
-patient should not be around preg people
-pt will need to be hospitalized 24h
-dont allow them to be near anyone that is sick
-sure

A

dont allow patient to be around people that are sick, they are at risk for infection

71
Q

patient diagnosed with lung cancfer asks why it wasn’t caught until it was spread
-you must not have had screenings
-symptoms dont show until late stage
-its genetics
-no test for lung cancer

A

-symptoms dont show until late stage

Adults (35 decks)

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