oncology (4) Flashcards
abnormal cell growth, ignoring regulation signals
cancer
what term means not cancerous, abnormal
benign
what are cancerous cells, not cancer itself
malignant neoplasms
abnormal tissue growth, not always cancer
tumor
what is when cancer has spread from original site to other site
metastasis
what are the leading cancer deaths in men
-prostate
-lung
-cholerectal
what are leading cancer deaths in women
-breast
-lung
-cholerectal
do men or women tend to have more cancer
men
what is the genetic material that is altered in cancer
oncogenes
what are risk factors associated with cancer
-red meat
-alcohol
-obesity
what is the role of the immune system in cancer?
-surveillance
-intact immune system
-immune system invasion
what stage of the cell cycle is skipped in cancer, its the resting phase with no proliferation
G0
what stage of the cell cycle has RNA and protein synthesized
G1
what stage of the cell cycle has synthesis of DNA and proteins of new chromosomes
S
what stage of the cell cycle is preparation for cell division
G2
what stage of the cell cycle is actual cell division, producing 2 daughter cells
M
which stage of cancer prevention reduces the risks of cancer (HPV vaccine, diet)
primary prevention
which prevention involves early detection and screening (breast self-exam, mammo, prostate screen)
secondary
what stage of prevention happens after diagnosis and is prevention of complication
tertiary prevention
which is primary prevention for cancer
-colonoscopy
-CT after cancer dx
-HPV vaccine
-genetic testing
HPV vaccine
what is used to dx cancer
biopsy
what categorization of tumors determines the size, invasion, lymph node involvement, and metastasis
staging
what system is used to stage cancer
TNM (tumor, nodes, mets)
what is the pathological classification of tumors, determines the type and differention
grading
what stage is in situ cancer and very early lesions
stage 0
what stage cancer is early invasion/no mets
stage 1
what stage of cancer is limited to local extension of tumor and minimal node involvement
stage 2
what stage of cancer is extensive local and nodal invasion
stage 3
what stage cancer is distal metastasis where other organs are involved
stage 4
what grades of cancer are well differentiated and deviated minimally from normal cells
grades 1 and 2
what grades of cancer are poorly differentiated and most aberrant compared with normal cells
3 and 4
what are the goals of cancer
cure and palliation
what is palliative cancer surgery
remove tumor for comfort
what is prophylactic cancer surgery
bilateral mastectomy, to prevent
what kind of cells does radiation affect?
rapidly dividing cells
-bone marrow
-lymph tissue
-epithelium of GI
-hair follicles
-gonads
what kind of radiation is outside of body, provides a direct hit for local treatment.
-all tissue in the pathway is effected
-body has limited tolerance
external beam
what is the use of implants at the treatment site
brachytherapy
what kind of radiation involves radioactive
implants or “seeds”
-sealed source, site specific
-no isolation, little exposure
internal radiation
what type of radiation involves…
-systemic treatment (inject/swallow)
-patient and body radioactive
-unsealed
-shield staff / precautions
radioactive isotope
what are sores in the mouth from radiation
-mucositis/somatitis
what is skin care of someone undergoing radiation?
-no ointment, powder, soap, deodorant
-no shaving with razor blade
-do not wash off markings
-loose clothing
-protect from sun, cold, etc.
chemo pt. has following values… WBC 2.5, plt 300,000, RBC 4.5: which precaution?
-bleeding
-infection
-fall
-clothing
infection
normal WBC 4.5-11
what meds work on rapidly dividing cells
antineoplastic drugs
what is the use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer called?
chemotherapy
when is chemotherapy used?
-widespread/systemic disease
-high risk of undetectable disease
-tumor can’t be resected and resistant to radiation
-primary or combo treatment
which route of chemo treats skin cancer
topical
which route of chemo treats hepatic cancer
intra-arterial
which route of chemo treats abdominal, bladder, or pleural cancer
intracavitary
which route of chemo treats ovarian cancer
intraperitoneal
which route of chemo treats CNS tumors
intrathecal
what are hematopoietic changes of chemo
-leukopenia
-anemia
-thrombocytopenia
-may interrupt treatment
what are the mucositis/somatitis effects of chemo
-oral, rectal, vaginal
-GI (diarrhea)
what are skin changes of chemo
-hair loss
-skin reaction
what are the types of adverse effects of chemo
-hematopoietic changes
-mucositis/somatitis
-n/v
-skin changes
which chemo drug is cardiac toxic
doxorubicin
which chemo med is hepatic toxic
5-FU
which chemo med is renal toxic?
cisplatin, cytoxan
which chemo med is neurologic toxic
cisplatin and plant alkaloids
what meds stimulate the immune system generally
nonspecific biologic response modifiers
what meds destroy specific malignant cells and spare normal cells
monoclonal antibodies
what treats myelosuppression?
colony stimulating factors
what kind of meals should cancer pts have?
small frequent meals
what is oral care for cancer pts?
rinses with sodium bicarb to neutralize
what sensory changes will occur with cancer treatment
taste and smell alterations
what do visitors need to do if the pt has neutropenia?
wear mask in the room, put a mask on the patient when they leave room, check policy (risk for infection)
what is the cardinal symptom of neutropenia?
fever
what can a patient with neutropenia not have?
fresh flowers, fruits, vegtables, yogurt with active cultures
what is given for a patient with anemia
erythropoietin (epoetin alfa)
what are special precautions for thrombocytopenia?
-no razors
-no aspirin
-no IM injection
-may require platelets
-monitor bleeding
fam of a pt receiving external beam radiation wants to know if they can gather for a baby shower 6 hrs after treatment
-patient should not be around preg people
-pt will need to be hospitalized 24h
-dont allow them to be near anyone that is sick
-sure
dont allow patient to be around people that are sick, they are at risk for infection
patient diagnosed with lung cancfer asks why it wasn’t caught until it was spread
-you must not have had screenings
-symptoms dont show until late stage
-its genetics
-no test for lung cancer
-symptoms dont show until late stage
