musculoskeletal overview (4) Flashcards
example of a long bone
humerus/femur
what are the ends of bone called?
epiphyses
what is the middle part of the bone (compact) called?
diaphysis
what is the growth plate called
epiphyseal plate
what are examples of short bone?
tarsals, ankle/hand
what are examples of irregular bone?
jaw, vertebrae
what are examples of flat bone
sternum/skull
what is the fibrous membrane of bones?
periosteum
what covers narrow cavities?
endosteum
where is red bone marrow found?
sternum, ileum, vertebrae, ribs
where is fatty yellow marrow found?
long bones
when do bones stop remodeling?
20
what is resorption from?
calcium loss
what does vitamin D help?
calcium absorption
which hormones maintain serum calcium levels
PTH and calcitonin
which hormone pulls calcium from the bone to the blood
PTH
which hormone stops resorption
calcitonin
which hormone increases calcium in the blood by promoting absorption of calcium in the GI tract AKA vitamin D
calcitriol
which hormones in excess cause grave’s disease
TH and cortisol
which hormones increase bone reabsorption and decrease remodeling?
TH and cortisol
which hormone accelerates remodeling?
growth hormone
what hormone helps bones grow, increases muscle mass, and increases bone mass
testosterone
what hormone stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts (enhances bones)
estrogen
what is articulation
the joints
what has synovial fluid and covers articulating bones
joint capsules
what binds articulating bones together?
ligaments/tendons
what connects bine to bone
ligaments
what connects muscle to bone?
tendons
what cushions tendons, ligaments, and bones
bursa
what term means without tone
flaccid
what term means greater than normal tone
spastic
what term means soft and flabby
atonic
what term means increase in size of muscle fibers (from exercise)
hypertrophy
what term means decrease in size of muscle (from immobility)
atrophy
what is the forward curvature of the spine
kyphosis
what is the exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
what is the lateral curving deviation of the spine
scoliosis
what test is used to determine progression of joint disease by putting contrast agent into the joint cavity. It identifies the cause of pain, and has the patient do ROM while xrays are being taken
arthrography
what is the direct visualization of joint with fiber optic endoscope; used to dx joint disorders, treat tears, defects, and disease processes. Its a sterile procedure until local or general anesthesia
arthroscopy
what procedure is obtaining a sample of synovial fluid from the joint. It can dx inflammatory arthropathies, exam fluid, relieve pain, look for hemarthrosis, and uses aseptic technique
arthrocentesis
what assesses electrical potential of muscles and nerves, evaluates weakness and pain, puts needle electrodes into muscles, and uses warm compresses post-op
electromyography
what lab value is altered in Osteomalacia, parathyroid dysfunction, and prolonged immobility
calcium
what is found throughout the body but concentrated in liver, bones, kidneys, and GI
alkaline phosphate (ALP)
what 3 things evaluates bone metabolism
PTH, calcitonin, vit. D
what 2 things elevate with muscle damage
CK, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
what is increases with bone destruction
urine calcium
