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Adults > hematologic function and blood transfusion (exam 1) > Flashcards

hematologic function and blood transfusion (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

where is blood formed?

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

what are red blood cells important for?

A

oxygen

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3
Q

what do white blood cells tell us?

A

infection

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4
Q

what are platelets for?

A

clotting

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5
Q

what is normal hemoglobin in females?

A

12-15

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6
Q

what is normal hemoglobin in males?

A

13-18

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7
Q

what does low hemoglobin mean?

A

hypoxia or tiredness

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8
Q

what kind of infection has low white blood cells?

A

viral

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9
Q

what kind of infection ahs high white blood cells?

A

bacterial

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10
Q

what is the normal platelet level?

A

150,000-450,000

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11
Q

what happens when platelets are too low?

A

bleeding

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12
Q

what happens when platelets are too high?

A

clotting

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13
Q

what is a normal INR?

A

2-3

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14
Q

what kind of blood has everything in it

A

whole blood

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15
Q

whole blood given often?

A

no

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16
Q

what is given in instances of thrombocytopenia and low INRs

A

platelets

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17
Q

what are packed red blood cells

A

just red blood cells, everything else removed

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18
Q

what kind of blood is given to chemo patients and immunosuppressed?

A

WBCs

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19
Q

what kind of blood helps high INR and reverses it

A

plasma

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20
Q

what is albumin?

A

protein in plasma

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21
Q

what makes up whole blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

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22
Q

what is the volume of each unit of whole blood?

A

around 500 ml

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23
Q

whole blood requires ______ and _______

A

T&C and ABO identification

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24
Q

is giving whole blood preffered?

A

no

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25
Q

what controls or prevents bleeding associated with platelet deficiencies?

A

giving platelets

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26
Q

what treats thrombocytopenia?

A

platelets

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27
Q

what part of the blood is most commonly transfused?

A

platelets

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28
Q

does plasma have to be ABO compatible?

A

yes

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29
Q

what emergently reverses warfarin or coumadin?

A

fresh frozen plasma

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30
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood and lymph

A

fresh frozen palsma

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31
Q

what is fresh frozen plasma used for?

A

-coagulation factor replacement!!!!
-provides clotting factors
-reversal of warfarin!!!

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32
Q

what is given to cancer/chemo patients?

A

WBCs

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33
Q

_______ are administered for low or abnormal WBC counts

A

granulocytes

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34
Q

what is used to restore intravascular volume

A

albumin

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35
Q

what maintains cardiac output in patients with hypoproteinemia?

A

albumin

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36
Q

what has to do with circulation (CHF), and the push/pull of oncotic pressure?

A

albumin

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37
Q

what do packed red blood cells do?

A

-improve oxygen carrying capacity
-provides the same oxygen carrying capacity as whole blood without additional volume

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38
Q

what is the volume of packed RBCs?

A

250-350 ml

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39
Q

1 unit of packed RBCs raises hgb by ___ g and hct by ____%

A

1g and 3-4%

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40
Q

infuse packed RBCs over ___ hours maximum

A

4 hours

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41
Q

what is normal hemoglobin level

A

12-17

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42
Q

verify blood with the patient and ___ RNs

A

2

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43
Q

only use ____ with blood products

A

0.9% saline (normal slaine)

44
Q

stay in the room for ____ mins during administration

A

15

45
Q

what should you tach a patient about their blood administration?

A

what kind, risks, why, follow-up

46
Q

what kind of tubing do you use for blood?

A

y-tubing

47
Q

when priming y tubing with saline and blood, which fluid goes all the way down to prime?

A

saline all the way down, and then blood to the chamber

48
Q

what are symptoms of an allergic reaction to blood

A

hives, itching, anaphylaxis

49
Q

what are symptoms of a febrile blood reaction

A

fever, chills, headache

50
Q

symptoms of a hemolytic reaction

A

immediate onset, flushing, fever, chills, back pain, shock

51
Q

what to do about a transfusion reaction?

A

stop infusion and start normal saline

52
Q

what is too much fluid characterized by SOB, HTN, and hypoxia

A

transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO)

53
Q

what to do about a TACO

A

continue to monitor pt., notify MD, keep going

54
Q

you are prepping to hang 1U PRBCs, what type of fluid should you get?
-lactated ringers
-hypotonic
-hypertonic
-normal slaline

A

normal saline

55
Q

decrease in RBC count

A

anemia

56
Q

what is the lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

57
Q

what transports oxygen to cells

A

RBCs

58
Q

___ and ___ remove old RBCs

A

spleen and liver

59
Q

some hemoglobin breaks down to form ______

A

bilirubin

60
Q

95% of RBCs is ______

A

hemoglobin

61
Q

bone marrow needs what makes new RBCs?

A

iron, B12, folate, B6, and protein

62
Q

what is the most common symptom of anemia?

A

fatigue

63
Q

what are signs of anemia?

A

fatigue/weakness
pallor
jaundice
tongue red and smooth
red sore tongue

64
Q

what kind of anemia has jaundice

A

megaloblastic and hemolytic

65
Q

what kind of anemia has a red smooth tongue?

A

iron deficiency

66
Q

at kid of anemia has a red sore tongue?

A

megaloblastic

67
Q

what are immature RBCs in blood?

A

reticulocytes

68
Q

what is the average size of a RBC called

A

mean corpuscle volume

69
Q

what is needed for hematopoiesis

A

serum B12 and folate

70
Q

what evaluates iron metabolism and storage

A

iron studies

71
Q

what do iron studies show?

A

serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, ferritin

72
Q

what kind of anemia is where there is not enough blood being made?

A

hypo-proliferative

73
Q

what kind of anemia involves dying cells?

A

hemolytic

74
Q

what kind of anemia is where iron intake is inadequate for hbg synthesis

A

iron deficiency anemia

75
Q

what is the most common type of anemia?

A

iron deficiency anemia

76
Q

what are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

smooth red tongue
brittle ridged nails
cracks in mouth

77
Q

how to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

A

bone marrow aspiration, labs (ferritin, H&H, low iron, elevated transferrin)

78
Q

whats the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

A

high iron diet and iron supplements

79
Q

how should you take iron supplements?

A

on empty stomach, with vitamin C, no dairy (like milk)

80
Q

what kind of anemia is caused by chronic inflammation, chronic infection, and malignancy?

A

anemia of chronic disease (normocytic)

81
Q

what is anemia of chronic disease also called?

A

normocytic

82
Q

what are symptoms of anemia of chronic disease?

A

few (Chronic) HGB rarely greater than 9

83
Q

what is the treatment of anemia of chronic disease?

A

treat underlying chronic disease, supplements dont help

84
Q

what are the types of hypo-proliferative anemia?

A

-iron deficiency anemia
-anemia of chronic disease
-aplastic anemia
-megaloblastic anemia (pernicious)

85
Q

what type of rare anemia causes damage to stem cells and bone marrow, causing decreased RBCs

A

aplastic anemia

86
Q

what type of anemia is an auto-immune reaction to a med

A

aplastic anemia

87
Q

what is the treatment for aplastic anemia

A

stem cell transplant and immunosuppression

88
Q

what kind of anemia is abnormally large RBCs due to lack of B12 or folate?

A

megaloblastic anemia

89
Q

another word for megaloblastic anemia?

A

pernicious anemia

90
Q

what are symptoms of megaloblastic anemia?

A

pancytopenia (all blood comps. low)
abnormally shaped cells

91
Q

what are risk factors of megaloblastic anemia?

A

pregnancy ETOH use, pernicious anemia

92
Q

low B12 may cause….

A

confusion, weakness, N/T, balance issues

93
Q

what is the treatment of megaloblastic anemia?

A

folate or B12 replacement, diet change

94
Q

what is caused by sudden loss of a large volume of blood?

A

blood loss anemia

95
Q

what can blood loss anemia be caused from?

A

trauma, surgery, bleeding disorders

96
Q

what is treatment of blood loss anemia?

A

treat underlying blood loss (tourniquet)
transfuse PRBCs

97
Q

what is when RBCs have a shortened lifespan?

A

hemolytic anmeia

98
Q

what are symptoms of hemolytic anemia?

A

decreased O2, hypoxia, jaundice

99
Q

what is a severe type of hemolytic anemia from an inherited sickle cell hemoglobin gene that causes abnormal shape of cell

A

sickle cell anemia

100
Q

what is the RBC lifespan with sickle cell

A

4-10 days

101
Q

what are some symptoms of sickle cell

A

jaundice, tachy, murmurs, cardiomegaly, HF, pain, hypoxic damage

102
Q

what is the life expectancy of sickle cell

A

50s

103
Q

what are complications of sickle cell

A

clots, CVA, sickle cell crisis

104
Q

what is the treatment of sickle cell?

A

stem cell transfusions, hydroxyurea (chemo drug), blood transfusions

105
Q

what is the management of sickle cell?

A

hydration, oxygen, pain meds

106
Q

what are complications from anemia in general?

A

HF, CP, paresthesia/confusion, falls, activity intolerance

107
Q

pt. complains of fatigue and a red smooth tongue, what lab value is important to check?
-WBC
-B12
-iron
-platelets

A

iron (symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia)

Adults (35 decks)

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