lower respiratory (exam 1) Flashcards by Hailey Dlugolinski

what is the closure or collapse of alveoli

atelectasis

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is atelectasis total or partial?

could be either

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what kind of atelectasis is marked by distress, tachycardia, tachypnea, pleural pain, and cyanosis

acute

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what kind of atelectasis is marked by increased infections distal to obstruction

chronic

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risk factors for atelectasis?

-surgery
-immobile
-older

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what is a late sign of atelectasis?

cyanosis

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what are preventative interventions of atelectasis?

-early mobilization
-turns
-suction
-incentive spirometry
-deep breathe
-fluids

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what is inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms

pneumonia

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what is inflammation of 1 lung

pneumonitis

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what is one of the most common causes of death in the US

pneumonia

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what kind of pneumonia is acquired less than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital

community acquired pneumonia

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what kind of pneumonia is in non-hospital patients that have excessive healthcare contact

health care associated pneumonia

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what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital

hospital acquired pneumonia

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what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after intubation

ventilator associated pneumonia

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what kind of immunocompromised patients are at risk for pneumonia?

cancer, HIV, auto-immune, transplant, immuno-suppressed

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what kind of pneumonia is when something from the outside gets in the airways

aspiration pneumonia

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what are s/sx of pneumonia

-hypoxia
-fever
-orthopnea
-tired easily
-sputum

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how to diagnose pneumonia

-clinical assessment
-sputum
-CXR
-bronchoscopy
-biopsy

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treatment of pneumonia

antimicrobials

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what are important prevention measures for pneumonia?

-influenza vaccine
-avoid pollutants/hazards
-MAINTAIN HYDRATION
-isolate infected persons
-WASH HANDS

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what test tells us if theres clots

D-dimer

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COVID-19 has _____ transmission

viral

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COVID-19 has ___ WBCs, ___ lymphocytes, and ___ CRP and D-dimer

low, low, high

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what are some complications from COVID-19?

pneumonia
-resp failure
-sepsis
-organ failure
-cardiac injury
-clots
-inflammation

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what is a chronic and infectious

pulmonary tuberculosis

what other tissues can pulmonary tuberculosis spread to?

-meninges -kidneys -bones -lymph nodes

what population is susceptible to mycobacterium tuberculosis

homeless

where should patients with TB be placed

-negative pressure room -wear N95

some risk factors for TB

-close contact -immunocompromised -immigrating/traveling to/from places woth high TB -overcrowded pop -inadequate therapy/treatment

s/sx of TB

low grade fever cough night sweats -fatigue weight loss

how to tell if someone has TB

-being sus -history -rust colored sputum -sputum culture -CXR -TB blood test

the mantoux TB test is an intradermal injection of ____

PPD (purified protein derivative)

a mantoux skin test is read ____ hours after injection

48-72

a positive mantoux skin test is____

hard (induration)

what do the measurements of TB skin tests mean?

10mm is if recent immigration, IV drug user, resident of high risk, or children 5mm if immunocompromised, HIV/AIDS, close contact, CXR backed

what prophylactic TB med prevents neuritis (neuropathy)

isoniazid

what are the 4 combo drugs to treat TB

INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

what combo TB med is hard on the liver, causes polyneuropathy, and can develop drug induced hepatitis

INH

which combo TB drug causes red/orange secretion, need to monitor liver and drug-drug interactions

rifampin

what combo TB med can cause joint pain, hyperuricemia, and hepatotoxicity, monitor uric acid/liver

pyrazinamide

what combo TB med is very hard on the eyes, monitor vision, optic neuritis

ethambutol

for TB, continue 2 drugs (_________ and _________) for _____ weeks

(INH and rifampin) for 4-7 weeks

what is when the 2 lung linings stick, sharp pain, and sheering of lining

pleurisy

what is when there's extra fluid in the lung space, cant expand, and resp distress

pleural effusion

how to treat pleural effusion

thoracentesis

occurs when pleural space is exposed to positive pressure

pneumothorax

air in the thoracic cavity from a pleural lining rip

pneumothorax

what are the 2 causes of pneumothorax

-spontaneous/simple -traumatic

what are the 2 kinds of spontaneous/simple pneumothorax

primary (w/o underlying disease) secondary (w/ underlying disease)

what does traumatic pneumothorax come from

trauma and complications from procedures

symptoms of pneumothorax

-SOB -acute CP -dec BP -dec O2 -inc HR

treatment of pneumothroax

needle decompression / chest tube

creation of a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity

thoracotomy

indications of a thoracotomy

-dx lung/chest disease -obtain biopsy

what is a wedge resection

used for diagnosis, taking a piece out to look

what is the term for removal of a lung lobe

lobectomy

what is the term for removal of a lung

pneumonectomy

what is the removal of scar tissue

decortication

what is important to assess before thoracic surgery

functional reserve

what is placed in the pleural space to drain fluid, air, or blood

chest tubes

chest tubes are placed in the ______ airway for air removal and the ______ airway for fluid or blood removal

upper, lower

keep chest tubes _______ level of chest

below

section _____ of the drainage system is the suction chamber with constant gentle bubbling

how high is the water in section A of a drainage system

20 cm

sections ___ and ___ should not bubble, when inhaling the water goes up, when exhaling the water goes down (THE WATER SEAL)

B and C

section ___ of the drainage system is the drainage chamber

complication from chest tubes?

-atelectasis -infection -air in pleural space

what is the leading cause of cancer death and 2nd most common cancer in both men and women?

lung cancer

____% of all new cancers are lung cancer

10-15

lung cancer has _____ survival rates and no early diagnosis

low

what are the 2 classifications of lung cancer

-small cell (SCLC) -non-small cell large cell (NSCLC)

___% of lung cancer is small cell and ____% is non small cell large cell

10-15 80-85

what are the 2 types of non small cell large cell lung cancers

-squamous -adenocarcinoma (most)

risks for lung cancer

-cigarettes -genetic -environmental (gas, 2nd hand smoke, asbestos, workplace)

dx of lung cancer

-CXR -CT -PET -MRI -biopsy

90% of lung cancer starts at the _________

bronchial epithelium

treatment for cure/palliation of lung cancer symptoms

-radiation -surgery -chemo -palliative

complication from lung cancer treatment

-resp failure -vent dependency -scarring -pericarditis -myelitis -cor pulmonale (R sided HF)

obstruction of the pulmonary artery or a branch by a clot from the venous system

pulmonary embolism (PE)

what is associated with PEs

trauma, surgery, pregnancy, HF, immobility

s/sx of PE

-dyspnea -CP -sudden pleuritic stabbing pain -hemoptysis (blood cough) -fear/anxiety

dx of PE

-early rec -assessment -CXR -ECG -SpO2/ABGs

treatment of PE

thinners, aPTT, INR

what thinner affects aPTT

heparin

what thinner affects INR

warfarin