lower respiratory (exam 1) Flashcards
what is the closure or collapse of alveoli
atelectasis
is atelectasis total or partial?
could be either
what kind of atelectasis is marked by distress, tachycardia, tachypnea, pleural pain, and cyanosis
acute
what kind of atelectasis is marked by increased infections distal to obstruction
chronic
risk factors for atelectasis?
-surgery
-immobile
-older
what is a late sign of atelectasis?
cyanosis
what are preventative interventions of atelectasis?
-early mobilization
-turns
-suction
-incentive spirometry
-deep breathe
-fluids
what is inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms
pneumonia
what is inflammation of 1 lung
pneumonitis
what is one of the most common causes of death in the US
pneumonia
what kind of pneumonia is acquired less than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital
community acquired pneumonia
what kind of pneumonia is in non-hospital patients that have excessive healthcare contact
health care associated pneumonia
what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after admission to the hospital
hospital acquired pneumonia
what kind of pneumonia is greater than or equal to 48 hours after intubation
ventilator associated pneumonia
what kind of immunocompromised patients are at risk for pneumonia?
cancer, HIV, auto-immune, transplant, immuno-suppressed
what kind of pneumonia is when something from the outside gets in the airways
aspiration pneumonia
what are s/sx of pneumonia
-hypoxia
-fever
-orthopnea
-tired easily
-sputum
how to diagnose pneumonia
-clinical assessment
-sputum
-CXR
-bronchoscopy
-biopsy
treatment of pneumonia
antimicrobials
what are important prevention measures for pneumonia?
-influenza vaccine
-avoid pollutants/hazards
-MAINTAIN HYDRATION
-isolate infected persons
-WASH HANDS
what test tells us if theres clots
D-dimer
COVID-19 has _____ transmission
viral
COVID-19 has ___ WBCs, ___ lymphocytes, and ___ CRP and D-dimer
low, low, high
what are some complications from COVID-19?
pneumonia
-resp failure
-sepsis
-organ failure
-cardiac injury
-clots
-inflammation
what is a chronic and infectious
pulmonary tuberculosis
what other tissues can pulmonary tuberculosis spread to?
-meninges
-kidneys
-bones
-lymph nodes
what population is susceptible to mycobacterium tuberculosis
homeless
where should patients with TB be placed
-negative pressure room
-wear N95
some risk factors for TB
-close contact
-immunocompromised
-immigrating/traveling to/from places woth high TB
-overcrowded pop
-inadequate therapy/treatment
s/sx of TB
low grade fever
cough
night sweats
-fatigue
weight loss
how to tell if someone has TB
-being sus
-history
-rust colored sputum
-sputum culture
-CXR
-TB blood test
the mantoux TB test is an intradermal injection of ____
PPD (purified protein derivative)
a mantoux skin test is read ____ hours after injection
48-72
a positive mantoux skin test is____
hard (induration)