Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunisation?

A

No immune response in recipient, by giving antibodies from a donor

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2
Q

Active immunisation?

A

Recipient develops a protective adaptive immune response

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3
Q

Reduction in mortality worldwide by vaccines is?

A

3 million per year

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4
Q

Variolation?

A

Smallpox virus, from South Asia, take fluid from pustules of recovering individuals and injected under skin of recipient

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5
Q

Jenner?

A

Fluid from cowpox lesions to prevent small pox infection,

Live attenuated vaccine

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6
Q

Examples of passive immunisation?

A

Immunoglobulin replacement in antibody deficient

VZV prophylaxis e.g during exposure during pregnancy

Anti-toxin therapies e.g snake anti-serum

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7
Q

What to do with VZV exposure during pregnancy?

A

VZV igG

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8
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Vaccination of sufficient numbers impact the transmission dynamic so that even unimmunised individuals are at low risk

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9
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

By generating a long lasting, high affinity igG antibody response

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10
Q

What is in a vaccine?

A

Antigen

Adjuvants- immune potentiators to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine

Excipients- diluents and additives for vaccine integrity

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11
Q

Subunit of vaccine?

A

Toxoids,
Capsular polysaccharide
MRNA

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12
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Removing pathogenicity of an organism by culturing ex Vivo in non-physiological conditions

E.g measles mumps rubella polio bcg cholera zoster. VZV live influenza

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13
Q

Disadvatage of live vaccines?

A

Become wild type, pathogenic e.g vaccine associated poliomyelitis 1 in 750,000

Storage problems, short half life

Immunocompromised individuals may develop clinical disease

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14
Q

Varicella zoster?

A

1 infection- chicken pox

Remains in sensory ganglia

Reactivation - zoster, in elderly causing neuropathic pain

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15
Q

How effective is VZV vaccine?

A

95%,

With 3-5% have mild varicella infection post vaccine

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16
Q

Safety concerns of VZV vaccine

A

Increase in zoster because less grandchildren with chicken pox so no boosting

Disease shift to unvaccinated adults- who have VZV less tolerated

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17
Q

How much reduction in zoster incidence after vaccination?

18
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

Enterovirus establishes infection in oropharynx and GI tract, spread to peters patch thru lymphatic

Haematogenous spread

1% develop neurological phase, replication in motor neurones leading to denervation and flaccid paralysis

19
Q

Poliomyelitis vaccines?

A

Sabin oral polio vaccine- live

Salk injected polio vaccine- inactivated

20
Q

Sabin oral polio vaccine?

A

Side effect associated paralytic polio,

Virus recovered from stool

21
Q

Where does tb live?

A

In phagolysosomes of macrophages

22
Q

What happens in TB immune response?

A

Macrophages present TB antigen to MTB specific CD4 T cells which secrete IFN-g this activates macrophages to encase tB in granuloma

23
Q

What does tb look like on x ray?

A

Calcified lesion, Ghon focus

24
Q

Tb vaccination done by?

A

BCH, done through mycobacterium bovis, aims to increase Th1 IFN-g cells responses to m bovis

Given by intradermal injection

25
How effective is BCG?
80 in disseminated TB and TB meningitis
26
How to kill organism?
Formaldehyde
27
What can’t killed vaccines do?
Illicit CD8 response
28
Examples of killed vaccines?
Hepatitis A | Influenza
29
Influenza antibody respond to?
Heamagglutinin and neuramidase surface antigens
30
Pandemic influenza cause by?
Major antigenic shift Animal influenza combines with human influenza
31
Subunit vaccines include?
Corynebacterium diphtheria Clostridium tetani Bordatella pertussis Stimulate antibody response, which neutralise toxin
32
Which organisms have thick polysaccharide coats?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis
33
How to tackle polysaccharides capsules?
Vaccine conjugation, protein carrier attached to polysaccharide antigen
34
Recombinant protein subunit vaccine examples?
Hep b surface vaccine | HPV vaccine- empty particles
35
What do adjuvants do?
Bind to pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells. LPS alum
36
Novel adjuvants are?
Toll like receptor ligand e.g CPG repeats
37
Live vaccines benefit?
Give CD8 response Boosting not required Secondary protection to unvaccinated individuals
38
MRNA vaccines?
Codes for critical pathogen antigens Given by vector lipid Nano-particle E.g Pfizer and moderna
39
What is the aim of zoster vaccination?
Boost memory T cell responses to vzv
40
Viral vector?
Benign virus with genes to encode for antigen AstraZeneca- simian adenovirus