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204 > Pathophysiology Of Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Of Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Endurance exercise responds to?

A

Total contractile activity

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2
Q

Resistance training responds to?

A

Loading and stretch

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3
Q

Biceps brachii have how many fibres?

A

200,000

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4
Q

Hypertrophy is what?

A

Synthesis of myofilaments
Addition of sarcomeres
satellite cell activation
Angiogenesis and vascularisation

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5
Q

Muscles can enlarge between?

A

15-50%

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6
Q

Effect of endurance exercise?

A 
Increased fibre diameter 
Increased blood supply 
Mitochondrial content increase 
Increase in oxidative enzymes 
Fibres become slower

Transformation from type IIX to IIA or type I

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7
Q

Resistance training transformation happens from?

A

Type IIA to IIX

To get greater muscle force and strength
Increase in sarcomeres and myofilaments

Results in larger muscles bulk

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8
Q

After a sports injury what should you use?

A

Ice and aspirin

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9
Q

Mechanism of aspirin?

A

Inhibit COX, REDUCING SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDINS

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10
Q

High levels of aspirin can cause?

A

Gastrointestinal adverse effects, stomach bleeding and ulcers

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11
Q

Steroid abuse can cause?

A

Testes atrophy, baldness, sterility, breast and uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair

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12
Q

What is the effect of spacefight?

A

Reduction in weight bearing muscles, transition from type 1 to type 2 x/2a fibres

All muscles undergo atrophy

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13
Q

Effect of bed rest?

A

Type 1 to type 2a, decrease in protein synthesis, myofibrillar breakdown, loss of strength

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14
Q

What happens in contracture?

A

Immobilisation cause removal of sarcomeres, so shorter muscle

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle cells appear?

A

Multinucleate, start as myoblasts which are mono nucleate and then fuse, moving nuclei to periphery, multinucleate cells can’t divide

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16
Q

Muscle regeneration happens?

A

Quiescent myogenic satellite cells are activated by HGF by proliferating differentiating and fuse onto extant fibres onto muscle cell. They reform elements of muscle (multinucleate myofibres)

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17
Q

Myalgia can be associated with?

A

Rhamdomyolsis

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18
Q

Dystrophies?

A

Incorrect muscle growth, familial and progressive

Muscle stuck in degeneration and regeneration cycle, regenerative ability is lost

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19
Q

Paresis?

A

Weakness of voluntary movement or partial loss

20
Q

Fasciculations?

A

Involuntary twitches in single motor units, common in lower motor neuron disease seen in ALS/ polio, look like ripples

21
Q

Fibrillations?

A

Involuntary spontaneous contraction of individual muscle fibres , myogenic, invisible to eye

22
Q

Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle, risk of kidney failure, myoglobin can clog glomeruli

Urine looks tea coloured, no urine produced after 12 hours

Causes hyperkalaemia, high K

23
Q

Rhabdomyolysis treatment?

A

IV fluid

Haemodialysis

24
Q

Causes of rhambdomyolysis?

A

Trauma crush injury
Hyperthermia
Ischaemia to local skeletal muscle (compartment syndrome, thrombosis)
Drugs, statins or fibrates

25
Q

Symptoms and signs of rhambdo?

A

Muscle pains,
Vomiting and confusion
Dark urine

26
Q

Diagnostic for muscular dystrophies and rhambdomyolysis?

A

Skeletal isoform. CK MM elevated
Cardiac muscle CPK form CK MB

Test would be for total CK

27
Q

What is an indicator rhambdomyolysis and MI?

A

Myoglobin

28
Q

Another diagnostic for rhabdomyolysis?

A

Muscle cells lyse, release K, increase in serum

29
Q

Rigor mortis?

A

ATP depleted after death, muscle cannot resequester Ca in SR, Ca allows cross ridge cycle contraction

Without ATO, myosin will stop after power stroke, myosin still bound to actin

Rigor mortis ends when tissue degrades, about 3 days

30
Q

Myasthenia gravis is?

A

Progressive muscle weakness and fatigability often start with eye muscles,

31
Q

Cause of myasthenia gravis?

A

Depletion of nAchR because autoantibodies attack them

Which cause less depolarisation of muscle fibres and repeated stimulation will lead to neuromuscular fatigue

32
Q

Symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

A

Ptosis - one eyelid droopy
Diplopia- double vision
Proximal muscle weakness

33
Q

Treatments for myasthenia gravis?

A

AchE inhibitors
Pyridostigmine- increases ACh activity
Edrophonium- short lived AchE inhibitor

Thymectomy- for immune system- reduces symptoms in 70% of patients

Immunosuppressive Drugs- corticosteroids

Plasmapheresis- remove antibodies

34
Q

Spinal muscular atrophy cause?

A

Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine, causing muscular atrophy, hypotonia and muscle weakness causes fibre type grouping

Autosomal recessive

35
Q

Malignant hyperthermia?

A

Genetic susceptibility to gas anaesthetics

Mutation in RyR, causes release of calcium,
Autosomal dominant, SERCA works too hard ca back into SR

Increase O2 and CO2, acidosis tachypnea, body overheats, rhabdomyolysis

36
Q

What happens in malignant hyperthermia?

A

Muscle cells open and leak contents

Increase in CK MM

37
Q

How to treat malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene sodium can stop calcium release, inhibits ryanodine receptor

38
Q

Muscular dystrophies present with?

A

Muscles weakness, waddling gate, contracture and cardio respiratory muscle involvement

39
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

X linked, 1 in 3500 males

Loss of muscle tissue replaced by fibre fatty connective tissue
Dystrophin protein mutation

40
Q

What is gowers sign?

A

To weak to pick themselves up

Sign of muscular duchenne dystrophy?

41
Q

Testosterone effects?

A

Increase protein synthesis
Decrease catabolism, by opposing cortisol and glucocorticoids
Reduces fat, increases BMR, differentiation to muscle

42
Q

Myosatellite cells are what kind of cells?

A

Progenitor cells

43
Q

Fibre type grouping?

A

Surviving axons innervate surrounding fibres, determine which type of muscle fibre it will be

44
Q

How to test for myasthenia gravis?

A

Give short acting inhibitor endophonium, see if ptosis stops

45
Q

Drug for myasthenia gravis?

A

Pyridostigmine

46
Q

How can you treat malignant hyperthermia?

A

Inhibit the Ry receptor, with dantrolene sodium

204 (58 decks)

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