Anatomy Of The Knee

Question 1

Why is locking mechanism important?

Answer 1

Reduces amount of energy needed when extended

Question 2

What is the femoral angle?

Answer 2

Between anatomical axis and mechanical axis, the Q angle which is roughly 15 degrees

Question 3

Genu varum?

Answer 3

Medial displacement of tibia, bow legged, decrease in Q angle

Common in children under 2, rickets

Question 4

Genu valgum?

Answer 4

Lateral displacement of tibia, knock kneed, increase in Q angle

Common in children aged 2-4, rickets and arthritis

Question 5

Extracapsular ligaments?

Answer 5

Medial collateral and lateral collateral

Question 6

Interacapsular ligaments?

Answer 6

Anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate

Question 7

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments attach to?

Answer 7

Intercondylar area of tibia

Question 8

Lachman test?

Answer 8

Lay down supine and knee bent 20-30 flexion
Move tibia anteriorly and posteriorly while maintaining position of femur

Laxity during this manoeuvre indicates anterior cruciate ligament injury

Question 9

Which is the principal stabiliser of the knee joint?

Answer 9

Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 10

Unhappy triad?

Answer 10

Rupture of
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Medial meniscus

Due to twisting on a flexed knee, blow to lateral side
Such as contact sport

Question 11

Iliotibial tract is?

Answer 11

The deep fascia

Question 12

Oblique fibres of vastus medialis?

Answer 12

Pull the patella inside, to prevent lateral tracking of patella

Question 13

Extensor mechanism formed by?

Answer 13

Patella, patellar ligament

Quadriceps tendon

Question 14

What is seasmoid?

Answer 14

Within tendons

Question 15

What does quads tendon do?

Answer 15

Extension of knee

Question 16

Hamstrings muscles?

Answer 16

Biceps femoris semimembraneous and semitendinous

Question 17

Hamstring origin?

Answer 17

Close to ischial tuberosity

Question 18

What helps with unlocking extended leg?

Answer 18

Popliteus

Question 19

After adductor hiatus femoral artery will be called?

Answer 19

Popliteal artery

Question 20

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 20

Synovial bicondylar hinge,

Extension flexion, some rotation when flexed

Question 21

Which factors contribute to the locking mechanism?

Answer 21

1. Shape of femur
2. Rotation
3. Centre of gravity

Question 22

What does medial rotation of the femur on tibia in extension do?

Answer 22

Tightens ligaments of the knee

Question 23

Where Is the centre of gravity?

Answer 23

In front of knee, hence maintains extension

Question 24

Lateral collateral ligament is?

Answer 24

Strong round cord, prevents medial displacement of tibia

Therefore if you get tear then you get varus deformity, which is less common

Question 25

Medial collateral ligament is?

Answer 25

Broad flat band, which prevents lateral displacement Tear of it will cause valgus deformity

Question 26

Medial collateral ligament attaches to?

Answer 26

Medial meniscus

Question 27

Of the cruciate ligaments one is always?

Answer 27

Tense

Question 28

Posterior cruciate ligament passes?

Answer 28

Upwards forwards and medially

Question 29

Anterior cruciate ligament passes?

Answer 29

Upwards backwards and laterally

Question 30

With a flexed knee medial rotation is?

Answer 30

10 deg because ligaments are tightened

Question 31

With a flexed knee lateral rotation is …?

Answer 31

60 degrees because ligaments unwind

Question 32

Which cruciate ligament is easily injured?

Answer 32

Anterior due to sports injuries, sudden twisting of knee

Question 33

What are menisci?

Answer 33

Crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage, deepen the articulating surface Shock absorbers Provide smooth viscous film for joint

Question 34

Horns of menisci attach?

Answer 34

Intercondylar area of tibia

Question 35

Why is the unhappy triad unhappy?

Answer 35

Poor blood supply to intracapsular structures, doesn’t repair easily

Question 36

What does iliotibial tract do?

Answer 36

Reinforces joint capsule | And stabilises the extended knee

Question 37

What protects quadriceps tendon from stresses during locomotion?

Answer 37

Patella

Question 38

Why are lateral and medial patellar retinaculum?

Answer 38

Aponeurosis extensions of vastus lateralis and medialis, help stabilise patella

Question 39

Fracture to the patella will result in?

Answer 39

Loss of active extension

Question 40

What are the flexors of the leg?

Answer 40

Hamstrings and gastrocnemius Hamstrings also medially and laterally rotate leg when its flexed

Question 41

What is the purpose of bursae?

Answer 41

Protection and reduce friction

Question 42

Where do bursae occur?

Answer 42

At tendon insertions

Question 43

What is seen in carpet fitters and housemaids knee?

Answer 43

Prepatellar burisitis

Question 44

What is seen in clergyman knee and in roofers?

Answer 44

Infrapatellars bursitis

Question 45

Baker’s cyst?

Answer 45

Abnormal fluild filled sacs in popliteal fossa due to herniation of bursa Seen in arthritic patients

Question 46

How to treat bakers cyst?

Answer 46

Aspiration and cortisone injection

Question 47

Other branches around knee are called?

Answer 47

Geniculate branches