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Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the innate lymphoid cells that are triggered without antigen presentation?

A 
Gamma delta T cells
Nk cells
ILC1
ILC2
ILC3
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2
Q

Phagocyte recruitment happens in these steps?

A

Cytokines dilate blood vessels and chemokines attract monocytes and neutrophils to infection

Cell adhesion molecules ICAM 1 and VCAM1 are upregulated on endothelium, which bind to integrins of leukocytes

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3
Q

Rolling and extravasation?

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Activation
  3. Arrest/adhesion
  4. Transendothelial migration
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4
Q

Opsonins?

A

Complement component c3b
Collectins such as mbl
Antibodies

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5
Q

NETosis?

A

Nuclear chromatin is released of neutrophils to trap microorganisms to help phagocytosis

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6
Q

PRRs?

A 
C type leptin 
Toll like
NOD like
Rig I like
Cytosolic DNA sensors
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7
Q

C like receptors bind to?

A

Glycan structures

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8
Q

Toll genes important for?

A

Development
Immunity to the fungal and bacterial infections

D toll 18 wheeler

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9
Q

Toll like receptor structure?

A

Extracellular: leucine rich repeats

Cytosolic- TIR domain

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10
Q

Tlr10 responds to?

A

Double stranded RNA

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11
Q

Cell surface TLRs recognise in host

A

HSP70
Fibrinogen
Fibronectin

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12
Q

Adaptor molecules?

A

Trig/TRAM/ MyD88/Mal

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13
Q

MyD88 gain of function mutation causes?

A

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, 90% of patients, lymphoma cells proliferate in bone marrow, B cells make large amount of IgM which causes excess bleeding, vision problems and headaches

Lymphoma causes anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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14
Q

TLR 3 deficiency causes?

A

Herpes simplex encephalitis

It’s a double stranded DNA. Virus but when it replicates it produces DSRNA, which TLR3 binds to

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15
Q

TLR8?

A

HIV

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16
Q

TLR2 and 4 conditions?

A

Sepsis and tuberculosis

Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s

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17
Q

TLR 7 8 9 condition?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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18
Q

Aldara is an agonist of what and for which condition?

A

TLR7 for genital warts

TLR7 for melanoma

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19
Q

TLR antagonist 7 8 and 9 for?

A

Autoimmunity

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20
Q

TLR4 antagonist for?

A

Sepsis

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21
Q

NLRs receptor types?

A

NLRCs and NLRPs

C- caspase recruitment domain CARD
P- pyrin domain

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22
Q

NLRCs bind to?

A

Peptidoglycan

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23
Q

NOD1 binds to?

A

IE-DAP- only gram -ve

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24
Q

NOD 2 bind to?

A

Muramyl dipeptide present in both positive and negative bacteria

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25
NOD2 gain of function linked to?
Sarcoidosis, granulomas develop in the organs of the body
26
NOD2 loss of function?
Susceptibility to Crohn’s disease
27
NLRP3 activated by?
Cellular stress, K efflux ATP ROS and lysosomal damage, | Inflammasome
28
Inflammasome activation is essential for?
IL1 and IL18
29
How is inflammasome activated?
``` Uric acid crystals- gout Asbestos Silica Amyloid beta Islet amyloid polypeptide Hemozoin ```
30
NLRP3 gain of function?
Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) Over production of IL1
31
How can you stop IL1 for people with Muckle wells syndrome, and familial cold auto inflammatory syndrome?
Anakinra IL-1RA
32
RIG I like receptors bind to?
Cytoplasmic 5’RNA and the signal to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and IFN
33
MDA5 recognises?
Long double stranded RNA
34
C-GAS STING recognises?
Double stranded DNA of viruses. Converts ATP/GTP to cGAMP, recognised by STING. STING signals to make interferon.
35
STING gain of function?
Too much type 1 IFN, causing inflammation Causes STING associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy SAVI
36
Characteristic of acute phase response?
Raised erythrocytes sedimentation rate ESR and CRP
37
Phagocytosis is performed by?
Neutrophils Dendritic cells Macrophages
38
Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes?
``` Acidification Toxic oxygen products Toxic nitrogen products Antimicrobial peptides Enzymes Competitors like lactoferrin ```
39
Pattern recognition receptors?
``` C type leptin Toll like Nod like Rig 1 like Cytosolic dna sensors ```
40
DAMPS?
Damage associated molecular patterns, molecules released from necrotic cells
41
C type lectin receptors cause?
Assist with phagocytosis and induce inflammatory cytokines production E.g mbl
42
In drosophila toll like receptor family had?
Dtoll and 18 wheeler
43
Cell surface ligand bacterial?
Lipopolysaccharide Flagellin Lipoteichoic acid
44
Endosomal ligands, for viral products and host?
DsRNA SsRNA DNA
45
TLR signalling induces genes for?
Pro inflammatory and anti inflammatory cytokines MHC and co stimulatory molecules Antimicrobial peptides and complement components
46
What are the adaptor proteins?
trif/TRAM | MyD88/Mal
47
What do NK cells use to create holes?
Granzyme | Perforin
48
Cells that are dying how are they detected?
By scavenger receptors on phagocytosis, noticing phospholipid changes
49
Phagocyte mechanisms for the phagolysosomes?
Acidification less than 4 ``` Toxic oxygen derived products Toxic nitrogen products Antimicrobial peptides Lysozyme Lactoferrin- sequesters iron needed for bacterial growth ```
50
To signal TLRs have to?
Bring TIR domains together
51
TLR2 binds to either?
TLR 6 for diacyl lipopeptides TLR 1 for triacy lipopeptides
52
TLR5 recognises?
Flagellin
53
TLR4 recognises?
LPS
54
TLR3 only uses which adaptor molecule?
TRIF, which gives rise to IFN
55
MYD88 deficiency caused?
Life threatening, recurrent progenitor bacterial infections
56
For allergy which TLR do you need to activate?
9
57
Inflammasome caspases does what?
Cleaves pro-IL1 form
58
What is Muckle well syndrome caused by?
Cold
59
MDA5 mutations related with?
Lupus and Aicardi goutieres disease
60
Acute phase response is induced by?
IL1 and Il 6 and TNF, produced by liver
61
Signs of mucked wells syndrome?
Can occur spontaneously or be triggered by cold, heat, fatigue, or other stresses. Symptoms of fever, rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, uveitis, sensorineural deafness, and potentially life-threatening amyloidosis
62
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome signs?
fever urticarial rash with headache, arthralgia, and sometimes conjunctivitis

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