Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
What is type 2 diabetes?
A condition in which the combination of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure result in hyperglycaemia
What condition is associated with type 2 diabetes a lot?
Obesity
How is type 2 diabetes initially managed?
Lifestyle measures: diet changes and weight loss
Who typically presents with T2DM?
Usually late adulthood but can present in youth
What is a typical feature of T2DM?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
How much does T2DM reduce life expectancy?
A lot when you are younger but less as you get older
Where is T2DM most prevalent?
Ethnic groups that move from rural to urban lifestyle
What is the biggest contributory factor to developing T2DM?
Can be insulin resistance mainly, but beta cell failure contributes
What is fasting glucose for a diagnosis of diabetes?
> 7 mmol/L
What is HbA1c for a diagnosis of diabetes?
> 48 mmol/L
What is OGTT for a diagnosis of diabetes?
> 11 mmol/L
What is fasting glucose in the intermediate stage of diabetes development?
Greater than 6 but less than 7 mmol/L
What is OGTT in the intermediate stage of diabetes development?
Greater than 7.7 but less than 11 mmol/L
What is HbA1c in the intermediate stage of diabetes development?
Greater than 42 but less than 48 mmol/L
How does insulin resistance change as someone is developing diabetes?
It curves up and plateaus before diabetes has even been diagnosed
What are the 3 ways of diagnosing diabetes?
Fasting glucose
OGTT
Random glucose
What level do beta cells function at diagnosis of T2DM?
Around 50%
Does diabetic ketoacidosis occur in T2DM? Explain your answer
Not usually, there is a small amount of circulating insulin (not enough to overcome resistance), which is enough to suppress the synthesis of ketone bodies from the breakdown of fat
What is long duration type 2 diabetes? What feature of diabetes becomes more prominent once this develops?
Beta cell failure may progress to complete insulin deficiency (this is where diabetic ketoacidosis may occur)
Does T2DM have a genetic risk?
Yes
How can risk of T2DM be increased in utero?
Foetal growth retardation
How is beta cell function assessed?
Hyperglycaemic clamp