Disorders of Early Development Flashcards

1
Q

How common is miscarriage after pregnancy is confirmed?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How common is miscarriage before pregnancy is confirmed?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is major contributor to pregnancy loss before 12 weeks’ gestation?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to risk of miscarriage as people get old? Why?

A

Greatly increases as chromosomal abnormalities increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define recurrent miscarriage

A

3 or more consecutive pregnancy losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define recurrent implantation failure

A

Failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after transfer of at least three good-quality embryos in IVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the key difference between recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure?

A

Failure to implant or sustain pregnancy by natural conception vs failure of transferred embryo to implant/sustain pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some common causes of recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure?

A

Uterine anatomical defects or presence of fibroids/polyps that might disrupt implantation
Autoimmune antibodies e.g. anti-nuclear, anti-phospholipid
Also test for paternal DNA sperm integrity/fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What signalling pathway is associated with miscarriage?

A

LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does LIF deficiency do?

A

Causes failure in implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What LIF promote?

A

Decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whats endometrial scratching?

A

A technique used to improve the ability of an embryo to implant in the uterus after in-vitro fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is endometrial scratching carried out?

A

It involves superficially wounding the endometrial mucosa of the womb using a pipette or hysteroscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is endometrial scratching though to stimulate?

A

Immune cell infiltration and wound healing cytokine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some adaptations the fallopian tube has to promote transition into the uterus?

A

Smooth muscle contracts to move the embryo along the tube

Epithelium is coated in cilia (microvilli) to promote fluid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name of the component that affects pregnancy in smokers? What does it do?

A

Continine is a component of cigarette smoke and regulates expression of PROKR1, a regulator of fallopian tube smooth muscle contractility

17
Q

What does continine increase expression of in the fallopian tube?

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins

18
Q

What does tobacco smoke inhibit?

A

Ciliary function

19
Q

What cannabinoid receptors do fallopian tubes express?

A

CB1 and CB2

20
Q

What does THC in cannabis do to fallopian tubes?

A

Acts on it directly to peturb transit or alter balance of endocannabinoids in the tube leading to disrupted embryo environment