Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS Y2 > Appetite > Flashcards

Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 factors control thirst

A

Body fluid osmolality
Blood volume is reduced
Blood pressure is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most potent stimulus in controlling thirst

A

Plasma osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What % change in plasma osmolality is needed to induce a desire to drink?

A

2-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What % change in blood vol or arterial pressure is needed to induce a desire to drink?

A

10-15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the other name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does ADH act on?

A

Collecting duct in kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to urine volume when ADH is low? What is this called

A

Vol of urine excreted is large

This is called water diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to urine volume when ADH is high? What is this called

A

Vol of urine excreted is small

This is called anti diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of receptor are osmoreceptors?

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are osmoreceptors found?

A

In the hypothalamus in the organum vasculosum and subfornical organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do osmoreceptors cause ADH release?

A

When plasma is more concentrated cells shrink
Proportion of cation channels increases (membrane depolarises)
This sends signals to the ADH producing cells to increase ADH
This causes fluid retention and involves drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are receptors involved in short term relief of thirst found?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is thirst completely satisfied?

A

Once plasma osmolality is decreased or blood volume or arterial pressure corrected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells in the renin angiotensin system detect a fall in BP?

A

Juxtoglomerular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are juxtoglomerular cells found?

A

Renal afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does fall in BP stimulate from juxtoglomerular cells?

A

Angiotensin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is angiotensin also known as?

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is angiotensin converted to in the liver and how?

A

Angiotensin I via angiotensinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is angiotensin I converted to in the lungs and how?

A

Angiotensin II via ACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the conversion steps to go from angiotensin to angiotensin II (include enzymes and locations)

A

In the liver angiotensin is converted to angiotensin I via angiotensinogen

In the lungs angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II via ACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction via increased sympathetic activity
Thirst
Aldosterone release from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone causes water retention via sodium and chloride absorption and potassium secretion
ADH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in an overfed or weight augmented state?

A

Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
Increased energy expenditure
Reduced hunger/good intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in an underfed or weight reduced state?

A

Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
Decreased energy expenditure
Increased hunger/good intake
Reduced thyroid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What substances are appetite stimulants?

A

Orexigenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What structure in the brain is important for appetite regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What substances are appetite suppressants?

A

Anorectic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the arcuate nucleus and what is its role?

A

Brain area involved in the regulation of food intake
It has an incomplete blood brain barrier, allows access to peripheral hormones.
Integrates peripheral and central feeding signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the stimulatory neuronal population involve?

A

NPY/Agrp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the inhibitory neuronal population involve?

A

POMC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If feeding needs to be increased what in the arcuate nucleus is involved?

A

NPY/Agrp neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

If feeding needs to be decreased what in the arcuate nucleus is involved?

A

POMC

32
Q

Where do NPY/Agrp and POMC act?

A

On the paraventricular nucleus

33
Q

What are melanocortins a product of?

A

The POMC chain

34
Q

What receptors in the hypothalamus when stimulated lead to reduction in appetite?

A

Melanocortin 4 receptors

35
Q

What can POMC and MC4-R deficiency cause?

A

Morbid obesity

36
Q

Are mutations responsible for the prevalence of obesity?

A

No they just help explain signalling

37
Q

How does the vagus nerve feedback in terms of appetite?

A

It feedsback to the brainstem which then can go hypothalamus

38
Q

What is adipostat?

A

This is a circulating hormone produced by fat

39
Q

What may misregulation of the adipostat mechanism lead to?

A

Obesity

40
Q

How does adipostat affect food intake?

A

Hypothalamus senses the concentration of hormone

and then alters neuropeptides to increase or decrease food intake

41
Q

What makes leptin?

A

Adipocytes in white adipose tissue

42
Q

What is leptin and what does it do?

A

A hormone that decreases appetite

43
Q

What happens to leptin level as body weight rises?

A

It also rises

44
Q

What are the ways by which the mechanism of action of leptin can be disrupted?

A

Insufficient production
Defect in receptor signalling
Decreased sensitivity to leptin

45
Q

How effective is leptin as weight control drug?

A

Not effective

46
Q

What 2 main hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells regulate appetite?

A

Ghrelin and peptide YY

47
Q

What 2 main hormones are involved with short term regulation of appetite?

A

Ghrelin and peptide YY

48
Q

Where are ghrelin and peptide YY produced?

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the stomach, pancreas & SB

49
Q

When are ghrelin levels highest? Why?

A

Before a meal as it helps prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and acid secretion

50
Q

What does ghrelin stimulate and inhibit?

A

Stimulates NPY/Agrp neurons

Inhibits POMC neurons

51
Q

What does ghrelin do to appetite?

A

Increases it

52
Q

When and where is PYY released?

A

Released in the terminal ileum (TI) and colon in response to feeding (when food arrives in those areas)

53
Q

What does PYY do to appetite?

A

Reduced it

54
Q

What does PYY stimulate and inhibit?

A

Stimulates POMC neurons

Inhibits NPY/Agrp neurons

55
Q

Define polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst or excess drinking

56
Q

Define adipsia

A

Inappropriate lack of thirst with consequent failure to drink in order to correct hyperosmolality

57
Q

Define anorexia

A

Lack or loss of appetite for food

58
Q

What is the difference between anorexia and anorexia nervosa?

A

Anorexia nervosa is the psychological condition

Anorexia is just a loss of appetite for food, it can be a result of other physiological conditions

59
Q

What are the 2 classes of thirst disorders?

A

Polydipsic

Adipsic

60
Q

What are the types of polydipsia or adipsia?

A

Primary or secondary

61
Q

What are some causes of secondary polydipsia

A

Chronic conditions (eg diabetes, kidney failure, Conn’s, Addison’s, sickle cell)
Medications (diuretics, laxatives, antidepressants)
Dehydration (acute ilnness, sweating, fevers, vomitting, diarrhoea)

62
Q

What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and mellitus?

A 
Mellitus= problems with insulin and blood glucose
Insipidus= problems with ADH and water regulation
63
Q

What are the main conditions that can cause polydipsia asides from diabetes?

A

Acute kidney failure
Conn’s syndrome (primary aldosteronism)
Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)

64
Q

What are some causes of primary polydipsia?

A

Mental illness (psychogenic, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anorexia, drug use)
Brain injury
Organic brain damage

65
Q

How many types of adipsia are there? Which is most common?

A

There are 4 types (A, B, C and D) and A is the most common

66
Q

Define the term eating disorders

A

Mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits

67
Q

What disorders do eating disorders encompass?

A 
Binge eating disorder
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Pica
Rumination syndrome
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
68
Q

What is pica?

A

People eat non food items of no nutritional value eg hair, paint chips

69
Q

What is rumination syndrome and how is it different to bullimia nervosa?

A

It is a condition where people regurgitate food that is undigested and not acidic, in bullimia nervosa food is digested and acidic and regurgitation involves cycles of binging and purging

70
Q

What are some signs of eating disorders?

A 
Low BMI
Continuous weight loss
Amenorrhea
Halitosis
Mood swings
Dry hair, skin & hair thinning
71
Q

What is the BMI range for mild anorexia?

A

over 17

72
Q

What is the BMI range for moderate anorexia?

A

16-16.99

73
Q

What is the BMI range for severe anorexia?

A

15-15.99

74
Q

What is the BMI range for extreme anorexia?

A

less than 15

75
Q

Out of diet and exercise, what is most effective for weight reduction in obesity?

A

Diet more than exercise but a combination of both is best

76
Q

What happens to ghrelin, GLP1, GLP2 and PYY after bariatric surgery?

A

Ghrelin reduces

GLP1, GLP2 and PYY increase

77
Q

What commonly presents with gingival bleeding?

A

Scurvy

BRS Y2 (85 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions