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BRS Y2 > Cortical Motor Control > Flashcards

Cortical Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is hierarchial organisation?

A

Areas of higher order are involved in more complex tasks

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of descending tracts?

A

Pyramidal

Non-pyramidal

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3
Q

What are the 2 pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal

Corticobulbar

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4
Q

What are the 4 non pyramidal tracts

A

Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

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5
Q

What are pyramidal tracts for?

A

Voluntary movement of the head and face

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6
Q

What are non-pyramidal tracts for?

A

Non voluntary movements for balance locomotion etc

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7
Q

Describe how pyramidal tracts decend

A

Through pyramidal cells pf medulla

From the motor cortex to the spinal chord or cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

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8
Q

Describe how non-pyramidal tracts decend

A

Not through the pyramidal cells of the medulla

From brainstem nuclei to spinal chord

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9
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract for?

A

Stabilises head during body movements

Coordinates head movements with eye movements

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10
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract for?

A

Changes muscle tone associated with voluntary movement and postural stability

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11
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract for?

A

Innervate lower motor neurons of flexors of the upper limb

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12
Q

What is the tectospinal tract for?

A

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

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13
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements

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14
Q

What is the role of the supplementary area?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued, speech), is active prior to voluntary movement

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15
Q

What is the role of the premotor area?

A

Involved in planning externally cued movements

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16
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Pyramidal cells of the medulla

17
Q

What symptoms are associated with an upper motor neuron lesion?

A 
Loss of voluntary motor function
Graded weakness of movement
Paralysis
Increased abnormal motor function (due to loss if inhibition)
Increased muscle tone
Hyper reflexia
Babinskis sign
Apraxia
18
Q

What is Babinski’s sign?

A

Big toe curls upwards instead of down when sole of the foot is stroked (note this is normal for babies but in anyone older they should curl down)

19
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Patients have lost information about how to perform skilled movements.

20
Q

What symptoms are associated with a lower motor neuron lesion?

A 
Weakness
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Muscle atrophy
Fasciculations
Fibrillations
21
Q

In MND, what upper motor neuron lesion symptoms do patients have?

A 
Spasticity (increased tone of limbs and tongue)
Brisk limbs and jaw reflexes 
Babinski’s sign
Loss of dexterity
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
22
Q

In MND, what lower motor neuron lesion symptoms do patients have?

A 
Weakness
Muscle wasting
Tongue fasciculations and wasting
Nasal speech
Dysphagia
23
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Caudate nucleus

24
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Decision to move, elaborating associated movements, moderating and coordinating movement, performing movements in order

25
Q

What happens in Parkinsons?

A

Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that originate in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum

26
Q

How does Parkinson’s present?

A 
Bradykinesia
Hyponomic (expressionless face)
Akinesia
Rigidity
Tremor at rest (starts in one hand)
27
Q

What happens in Huntingtons?

A

Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum, caudate and then putamen due to chromosome 4 CAG repeat (autonomic dominant)

28
Q

How does Huntington’s present?

A

Choreic movements
Speech impairment
Dysphagia
Unsteady gait

29
Q

What is ballism?

A

Sudden flinging of extremities, happens contralaterally

30
Q

Why does ballism arise?

A

Due to stroke in subthalamic nucleus

31
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

32
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinator and predictor of movements

33
Q

What are the 3 subparts of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

34
Q

How does damage to the vestibulocerebellum usually occour?

A

Tumor

35
Q

How does damage to the spinocerebellum usually occour?

A

Chronic alcoholism causes degeneration and atrophy

36
Q

How does damage to the vestibulocerebellum present?

A

Gait ataxia and tendency to fall

37
Q

How does damage to the spinocerebellum present?

A

Affects mainly legs, causes abnormal gait and stance

38
Q

How does damage to the cerebrocerebellum present?

A

Affects mainly arms/skilled coordinated movements (tremor) and speech

39
Q

What are the main signs of cerebellar dysfunction? When do they present?

A 
Only apparent on movement:
Ataxia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesia
Scanning speech

BRS Y2 (85 decks)

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