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BRS Y2 > Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Skin Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define melanoma

A

A malignant tumor arising from melanocytes

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2
Q

What surfaces can melanoma arise from?

A

Mucosal (oral, conjunctival, vaginal)

Uveal tract of eye

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3
Q

Are pre existing nevi a risk for melanoma?

A

No

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4
Q

What is happening to the incidence of melanoma worldwide?

A

Its rising

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5
Q

What are the genetic risk factors for melanoma?

A

Family history
Lightly pigmented skin
Red hair
DNA repair defects

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6
Q

What are the environmental risk factors for melanoma?

A 
Intense intermittent sun exposure
Chronic sun exposure 
Residence in equatorial latitudes 
Sunbeds 
Immunosuppression
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7
Q

What are the phenotypic risk factors for melanoma?

A

> 100 Melanocytic nevi

Atypical melanocytic nevi

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8
Q

What role does the MAPK (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK) pathway play in the pathogenesis of skin cancer?

A

It regulates cellular proliferation, growth and migration

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9
Q

What mutation is common in melanomas resulting from chronic sun exposure?

A

KIT

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10
Q

In what genes are active mutations present in in melanomas?

A

NRAS and BRAF genes

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11
Q

What do BRAF mutations lead to in the pathogenesis of melanomas?

A

Activation of the MPAK pathway

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12
Q

What is P-16?

A

A tumor supressor

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13
Q

What is P-16 encoded by?

A

CDKN2A

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14
Q

What does P-16 bind to?

A

CDK4/6

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15
Q

What is the effect of P-16?

A

It prevents the formation of cyclin D1-CDK 4/6 complex

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16
Q

What does cyclin D1-CDK 4/6 do?

A

Phosphorylates Rb, inactivating it, leading to E2F release (once released, E2F promotes cell cycle progression)

17
Q

What role do CD8+ T cells play in melanoma?

A

They recognise melanoma-specific antigens and if activated appropriately, are able to kill tumour cells

18
Q

What role do CD4+ T cells play in melanoma?

A

They play a critical role in the immune response against melanoma

19
Q

How does CTLA-4 effect T cells?

A

It inhibits their activation by removing costimulatory signal

20
Q

What might immunotherapy for melanoma be based on?

A

CTLA-4 blockade

Checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1, PDL1

21
Q

What is the most common type of melanoma?

A

Superficial spreading melanoma

22
Q

Where might superficial spreading melanoma arise?

A

De novo or in pre existing nevus (mole)

23
Q

How do superficially spreading melanomas grow?

A

Slow horizontal growth phase

Rapid vertically oriented growth phase

BRS Y2 (85 decks)

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