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brs y2 > Child Development > Flashcards

Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the future forebrain in a developing embryo?

A

Prosencphalon

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2
Q

What is the name of the future midbrain in a developing embryo?

A

Mesencephalon

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3
Q

What is the name of the future hindbrain in a developing embryo?

A

Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

What are the 3 main flexures present in the developing brain of an embryo at 4 weeks?

A

Cephalic
Pontine
Cervical

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5
Q

What area of the brain is affected in ADHD?

A

Pre frontal cortex

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6
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

Motor neurones

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7
Q

What is the role of the extrapyramidal tract?

A

Coordinates movement, posture and balance

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8
Q

What tract does the pyramidal tract supply?

A

Corticospinal tract

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9
Q

How do you test for Morrow’s reflex?

A

Suddenly extend the babies neck and the arms should abduct then adduct

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10
Q

When does Morrow’s reflex develop?

A

28-32 weeks

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11
Q

How do you test for standing relfex?

A

Support the baby as they stand, there should be extension of the lower extremities, the hips should be slightly flexed and somewhat behind the shoulder

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12
Q

How do you test for the cervical grasp reflex?

A

When an object is placed in the palm of the babies hand they will grasp it and stoking their lateral fingers will make them open their palm

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13
Q

What is the other name for protective reflexes?

A

Parachute reflexes

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14
Q

When does a baby develop protective reflexes?

A

Between 6-9 months

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15
Q

How do you test for protective reflexes?

A

When you place the baby in a forward stretched position they will extend their arms outwards and will do the same when you put the baby sideways

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16
Q

Define development in a child

A

Global impression of a child encompassing growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour

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17
Q

Who will know about a child’s development?

A

Parents the most

Also doctors, nurses, teachers

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18
Q

What are the 4 domains of child development?

A

Speech and language skills
Social skills
Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills

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19
Q

What is assessed as part of the speech and language skills domain of child development?

A

Vocalisation
Words
Understanding
Imaginative play

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20
Q

What is assessed as part of the social skills domain of child development?

A

Social interaction
Stranger reaction
Eating skills
Dressing

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21
Q

What is assessed as part of the gross motor skills domain of child development?

A 
Position
Head lag
Sitting
Walking
Running
22
Q

What is assessed as part of the fine motor skills domain of child development?

A 
Use of hands
Grasp and fine pincer
Bricks
Crayon
Puzzles
23
Q

What is visible when pulling up a newborn from laying position and why?

A

A marked head lag due to lack of development of neck muscles

24
Q

When can a baby raise their head?

A

6-8 weeks

25
Q

When can a baby sit with a round back?

A

6 months

26
Q

When can a baby sit with a straight back?

A

8 months

27
Q

What is the medical name for rolling in a baby?

A

Sidelying

28
Q

When can a baby sidelye?

A

2/3 months

29
Q

When do babies start to crawl?

A

8-9 months

30
Q

When can babies usually start walking?

A

12 months

31
Q

When can babies walk with a steady gait?

A

15 months

32
Q

What speech impairment may be seen in children with autism?

A

They will still be babbling when they are older at ages where other children would have began to talk in short sentences etc

33
Q

What are the 3 components to the healthy child programme?

A

Screening
General examination and immunisation
Health education and promotion

34
Q

When is screening carried out during pregnancy and what is screened for at each stage?

A

<12 weeks pregnant= hbopathy, rhesus, infection
12 weeks pregnant= US scan dating and nuchal (for Down’s)
18-20 weeks pregnant= US scan detailed

35
Q

What is screened for at birth?

A

New born bloodspot, hearing and physical

36
Q

When is physical examination of a baby done by the GP?

A

6-8 weeks

37
Q

When is vision screened for?

A

4-5 years

38
Q

At what ages are health review done in school?

A

10-11 years

15-16 years

39
Q

When are child health reviews done?

A

6-8 weeks
first year
two year
school entry review at 4-5 years

40
Q

What health promotion is done and at what ages?

A

Healthy weight promotion at 5-11 years and also 11-16 years

Sexual health promotion from 11-19 years

41
Q

What areas may health promotion cover?

A 
Nutrition
Vaccination
Breast feeding
Reading 
Weaning
Social/emotional advice
Injury prevention
Learning 
Physical activity
42
Q

What can factors affecting the developing human be catagorised as?

A

Prenatal
Perinatal
Postnatal

43
Q

When evaluating a child with abnormal development what do you ask about in the history?

A

Parental concerns
Birth history
Family history

44
Q

When evaluating a child with abnormal development what do you ask about in PMHX?

A

Developmental history

Current skills

45
Q

When evaluating a child with abnormal development what examinations may be carried out?

A

Developmental assessment
General neurological examination
Investigations as appropriate

46
Q

How is developmental assessment carried out?

A

Ask them to carry out a task

Observe them doing the task

47
Q

What areas need to be assessed during developmental assessment ?

A

Milestones of proceeding age
Expected milestones for age
Next important milestones

48
Q

What are the different categories for developmental delay?

A

Global (all areas)

Specific (language, motor, sensory or cognitive)

49
Q

What are some causes of global delay?

A

Chromosomal abnormailites eg down’s syndrome, fragile X
Metabolic eg hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism
Antenatal and perinatal factors like infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate deficiency
Environmental-social issues
Chronic illness

50
Q

What are some causes of motor delay?

A 
Cerebral palsy
Global delay eg Down’s syndrome
Congenital dislocation of the hip
Muscular dystrophy (duchennes)
Neural tube defects eg spina bifida
Hydrocephalus
Social deprivation is the most common cause
51
Q

What are some causes of language delay?

A

Hearing loss
Learning disability
Autism spectrum disorder
Lack of stimulation
Impaired comprehension of language (developmental dysphagia)- to do with temporal lobe
Impaired speech production (stammer, dysarthria)

52
Q

What are some commonly used assessment tools?

A 
Standardised tests
Schedule of growing skills
Griffiths development scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver development screening tools (USA)

brs y2 (85 decks)

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