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BRS Y2 > ABG & Acid/base Regulation > Flashcards

ABG & Acid/base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Define partial pressure of oxygen

A

The volume of oxygen dissolved in the arterial blood

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2
Q

Define partial pressure of co2

A

The volume of co2 dissolved in the arterial blood

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3
Q

Define base excess

A

The concentration of bases compared to the expected concentration

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4
Q

What will happen to partial pressure of oxygen and co2 if there is inadequate gas exchange in the lungs?

A

po2 will fall

pco2 will rise

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5
Q

What are the 3 ways pH is important in relation to maintaining the 3D structure of proteins

A

Maintaining enzyme structure so the substrate can bind to it
Maintain the structure of receptors so proteins like hormones can bind to them
Maintaining the shape of membrane transporters to allow exchange of substances in and out of cells

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6
Q

What is the equation for formation of carbonic acid and its dissociation?

A

h2o + co2 reversibly bing to become h2co3 which reversibly dissociates to h+ and hco3-

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7
Q

What breathing pattern causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Suboptimal ventilation/hypoventilation

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8
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is an uncompensated respiratory acidosis?

A 
pH= low
pco2= high
BE= normal
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9
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a partially compensated respiratory acidosis?

A 
pH= starts to rise but not normal
pco2= high
BE= starts to rise
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10
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a fully compensated respiratory acidosis?

A 
pH= normal
pco2= high
BE= high
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11
Q

How does the body fix an uncompensated respiratory acidosis?

A

Tries to reduce h+ excess by increasing h2co3- via 2 phases:
Acute phase= co2 moves into RBCs, combines with water, dissociates to form hco3- which moves out of RBCs via AE1 transporter
Chronic phase= reabsorption of bicarbonate in the kidney

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12
Q

How many phases are there in correcting uncompensated respiratory acidosis? What organs/ calls are involved in each?

A

2 (acute and chronic)
Acute: involves RBCs and their AE1 transporter
Chronic: involves kidneys

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13
Q

Explain why hypoventilation causes a respiratory acidosis

A

Less air reaches the alveoli in the lungs, this reduces o2 vol in the lungs and reduces the concentration gradient for co2 to diffuse out of the blood. The post arterial blood now has more co2 in it which combines with water to form carbonic acid, this dissociates to give h+ and makes the blood more acidic

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14
Q

What breathing pattern causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation

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15
Q

Explain why hyperventilation causes a respiratory alkalosis

A

There is more fresh air and o2 vol in the alveoli which creates a higher conc gradient for co2 to diffuse out of the blood. More co2 diffuses out so hte carbonic acid curves shifts to the left to make up for this. This reduces the amount of free h+ in the blood and increases pH

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16
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is an uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

A 
pH= high
pco2= low
BE= normal
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17
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a partially compensated respiratory alkalosis?

A 
pH= starts to reduce but is not normal yet
pco2= low
BE= starts to fall
18
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a fully compensated respiratory alkalosis?

A 
pH= normal
pco2= low
BE= low
19
Q

How does the body fix an uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

A

It tries to increase the vol of h+ in the blood, it does this via one chronic phase where there is reduced reabsorption of hco3- from the kidneys. This causes a shift of the carbonic acid equation to the right so there are more h+ produced and pH starts to fall

20
Q

How many phases are there in correcting uncompensated respiratory alkalosis? What organs/ calls are involved in each?

A

One phase only, just the acute phase. The kidneys are involved

21
Q

Describe methods by which a metabolic acidosis may arise

A

Any method where there is lots of loss of hco3- eg diarrhoea that is watery or metabolic conditions that cause hco3- loss or cause h+ production eg lactic acid production

22
Q

How are pH imbalances that are caused by metabolism fixed?

A

By altering ventilation

23
Q

How is metabolic acidosis resolved?

A

By lowering the h+ content in blood, this is done by increasing ventilation. It will cause co2 to diffuse out of the blood faster do the carbonic acid equation will shift to the left and h+ ions will bind with hco3- and their conc in the blood will be reduced

24
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is an uncompensated metabolic acidosis?

A 
pH= low
pco2= normal
BE= normal
25
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a partially compensated metabolic acidosis?

A 
pH= starts to rise
pco2= starts to fall
BE= starts to fall
26
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a fully compensated metabolic acidosis?

A 
pH= normal
pco2= low
BE= low
27
Q

Describe methods by which a metabolic alkalosis may arise

A

Vomiting causes an excessive loss of Hcl

28
Q

How is metabolic alkalosis resolved?

A

By increasing h+ conc in the blood. This is done by initiating hypoventilation. Less co2 moves out of the blood and so the carbonic acid equation shifts to the right, more carbonic acid is produced, it dissociates and h+ conc in the blood rises

29
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is an uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?

A 
pH= high
pco2= normal
BE= normal
30
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a partially compensated metabolic alkalosis?

A 
pH= starts to fall but isn't normal yet
pco2= starts to rise
BE= starts to rise
31
Q

What are pH, pco2 and base excess like when there is a fully compensated metabolic alkalosis?

A 
pH= normal
pco2= high
BE= high
32
Q

Why doesnt oxygen saturation go down much when comparing arterial blood to venous blood?

A

Due to the sigmoid shape of the oxygen dissociation curve

33
Q

Define pulmonary transit time

A

How long the blood is close enough to the respiratory exchange surface to exchange gases

34
Q

Out of carbon dioxide and oxygen which equilibrates faster?

A

Carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is an adequate pulmonary transit time?

A

0.75 secs

36
Q

How is hydrogen ion conc converted to pH?

A

-log base 10 [h+]

37
Q

Define co2 flux

A

The amount of co2 being produced

38
Q

What are the usual units of co2 flux?

A

mL/min

39
Q

What is the buffering capacity of blood?

A

Very high

40
Q

Referring to acids and alkalis what does the suffix ‘osis’ mean?

A

Circumstances that lead to the state

41
Q

Referring to acids and alkalis what does the suffix ‘aemia’ mean?

A

The actual state

42
Q

Can there be an acidosis while there is an alkaemia?

A

Yes, acidosis refers to the circumstances and alkaemia is the state that the acidosis is trying to correct

BRS Y2 (85 decks)

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