Cancers of the Lung, Heart & Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

How common are cardiovascular cancers?

A

Very are

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2
Q

What are some reasons cardiovascular cancers are rare?

A

Low exposure to carcinogens
Cardiac myocytes divide very rarely
Cardiac myocytes have a strong selective advantage against anything that compromises function

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3
Q

Who is more likely to get lung cancer?

A

Smokers
Men
Older people present (75-90 years)
Those of lower socioeconomic status

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4
Q

What are some etiological factors in the development of lung cancer?

A

Asbestos, radon gas, indoor cooking fumes, COPD, immunodeficiency

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5
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma originate?

A

Bronchial epithelium

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6
Q

Where are squamous cell carcinomas located?

A

Centrally located

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7
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma originate?

A

Mucus producing glandular tissue

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8
Q

Where are adenocarcinomas located?

A

Peripherally

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9
Q

Where does small cell lung cancer originate?

A

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells

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10
Q

What are the 4 pathophysiologies of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer

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11
Q

What are the non-small lung cancers (NSCLC)?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell lung cancer

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12
Q

Which pathophysiology of lung cancer is most aggressive?

A

Small cell lung cancer

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13
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another, this is an adaptive change

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14
Q

Define dysplasia

A

An abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present (pre-invasive stage where basement membrane is intact)

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15
Q

What are some common symptoms of lung cancer?

A
Fatigue
Chest pain
Breathlessness
Unexplained weight loss
Repeated respiratory infection
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16
Q

What are some features of advanced lung cancer metastases?

A

Neurological effects include focal weakness, seizures

Bone pain

17
Q

What are some signs of lung cancer and mets?

A

Clubbing
Horner’s syndrome
Pemberton’s sign
Cachexia

18
Q

When is PET useful for imaging in diagnosis?

A

To exclude occult metasteses

19
Q

What imaging is primarily used in diagnosis of lung cancer?

A

Chest xray

20
Q

What imaging is primarily used in staging of lung cancer?

21
Q

What are the 3 main biopsy methods used for lung cancers?

A

Bronchoscopy
Endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes (EBUS [TBNA]
CT guided lung biopsy

22
Q

How are lung cancers staged?

A

TNM (tumor 1-4, nodes 0-3, mets 0-x)

23
Q

What are some things that determine treatment?

A
Patient fitness
Cancer histology
Cancer stage
Patient preference
Health service factors
24
Q

How is patient fitness assesed?

A

WHO performance status

25
What is standard treatment for early lung cancer?
Surgery that involves resection (lobectomy and lymphadenectomy)
26
When is radical radiotherapy used?
As an alternative to surgery for early stage disease, used if there are comorbidities involved with surgery
27
When may sublobar resection be used?
If stage 1 and tumor is smaller than 3 cm
28
What method is used for radical radiotherapy?
Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR)