Toxicology Flashcards
[diagnose]
odorless, colorless gas
headache, confusion, decreased visual acuity, cherry red skin
CO
Tx: Hyperbaric Oxygen, 100% O2
[diagnose]
colorless, irritating gas; forms sulfurous acid in contact with mucus membranse
conjuctival and bronchial irritation
Sulfur dioxide
[diagnose]
brownish irritant gas
cause irritation of the ENT, lung, pulmonary edema
Nitrogen oxides
[diagnose]
bluish irritant gas produced in water purification devices and electrical fields
irritation and dryness of mucosa, pulmonary function impaired at higher concentrations, chronic exposure leads to bronchitis, bronchiolitis, emphysema
Ozone
[diagnose]
CNS depression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
halogenated solvents
CCl4, Chloroform, trichloroethylene
[diagnose]
CNS depression, ataxia, coma
aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
toluene
xylene
[diagnose: pesticide]
tremors, seizures, infertility and breast, brain, balls cancer
chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT and its analogs
[diagnose: pesticide]
diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation, lacrimation, sweating, salivation
Carbamates, Organophosphates
Tx: Atropine + pralidoxime
[diagnose: botanical insecticides]
initial excitation followed by paralysis of ganlionic, CNS and neurmuscular transmission
Nicotine
[diagnose: botanical insecticides]
GI distress when ingested, conjunctivitis, dermatitis after direct contact
rotenone
[diagnose: botanical insecticides]
causes contact dermatitis; large quantities cause seizures, and peripheral neurotoxicity
pyrethrum
[diagnose: herbicides]
muscle hypotonia and coma, increases risk of NHL
includes Agent orange
Chlorophenoxy acids
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- 2,4,5, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (agent orange)
most widely used herbicide in the world
glycophosate
[diagnose: herbicides]
initial effect is GI irritation with hematemesis and bloody stools; progressive pulmonary impairment
Glycophosate
Example: Paraquat
[diagnose: environmental pollutants]
used in manufacturing electrical equipments
acne, erythema, folliculitis, hyperkeratosis; mild increase in liver enzyme
polychlorinated biphenyls
[diagnose: environmental pollutants]
cystic acneiform lesions that form on the face and upper body, carcinogenic and teratogenic
Dioxins
[diagnose: environmental pollutants]
cause fibrotic lung disorder, shortness of breath
associated with lung cancer, mesothelioma, cancers of the GIT
asbestos
[diagnose: heavy metals]
acute abdominal colic, acute encephalopathy, acute encephalopathy
children who have ingested large quantities of chips or flakes of paint
lead poisoning
[diagnose: heavy metals]
chronic exposure of this heavy metal, peripheral neuropathy (wrist drop), anorexia, anemia, tremor, weight loss, GI symptoms
in child: growth retardation, neurocognitive deficits, developmental delay
chronic lead poisoning (plumbism)
Tx: oral succimer in outpatients
EDTA +/- Dimercaprol
[diagnose: heavy metals]
hallucinations, headache, irritability, convulsion, coma;
contained in antiknock gasoline additives
organic lead poisoning
[diagnose: heavy metals]
released during coal burning;
severe GI discomfort, vomiting, rice-water stools, dehydration, shock
sweet garlicky odor in breath and stools
Acute arsenic poisoning
Tx: dimercaprol
[diagnose: heavy metals]
released during coal burning;
hair loss, bone marrow depression and anemia, chronic nausea and Gi disturbances,
Transverse bands in nails
raindrop hyperpigmentation, milk and roses complexion, hyperkeratosis
chronic arsenic posoning
[diagnose: heavy metals]
semiconductor company;
headache, dyspnea, weakness, vomiting, abdominal pain, massive hemolysis
Arsine gas
Tx: exchange transfusion, vigorous hydration, hemodialysis
[diagnose: heavy metals]
dental laboratories, wood preservative, seed dressings, fungicides
mercury
[diagnose: heavy metals]
chest pain, SOB, N/V, renal damage, CNS damage,
life threatening hemorrhagic gastroenteritis then renal failure
Acute inorganic mercury poisoning
Tx: Oral Succimer + IV Dimercaprol
[diagnose: heavy metals]
loosening of gums and teeth, GI disturbances, erethism
Chronic inorganic mercury poisoning
Tx: succimer + unithiol
dimercaprol SHOULD NOT be used
[diagnose: heavy metals]
consumption of big fishes
cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation
Organic Mercury Poisoning
Minamata Disease
[Guess the drug]
Chelates arsenic and mercury
co administered with EDTA in severe chronic lead poisoning
Dimercaprol
[Guess the drug]
chelates lead
administered only when blood lead concentrations is greater than 45 mcg/dL
succimer
[Guess the drug]
chelator of arsenic and mercury
used in acute severe arsenic poisoning, chronic severe mercury poisoning and lead poisoning
Unithiol
[Guess the drug]
chelator and DMARD,
used for copper poisoning, wilsons disease, adjunct to gold, lead, arsenic intoxication
can cause drug-induced lupus
Penicillamine
[Guess the drug]
chelates lead,
cause ECG changes, hypocalcemia, nephrotoxicity
Edetate Calcium Disodium (EDTA)
what will you give to prevent the dangerous hypocalcemia caused by EDTA?
calcium disodium salt
[Guess the drug]
drug chelator, acute iron chelator,used in iron overload states
deferoxamine
[diagnose]
delirium, hallucinations, seizures, coma, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, mydriasis, decreased bowel sounds, urinary retention
Antimuscarinic drugs
[diagnose]
anxiety, agitation, seizures, coma, bradycardia or tachycardia, pinpoint pupils, salivation, sweating, hyperactive bowel sounds, muscle fasciculation, paralysis
Cholinomimetic drug/organophosphate poisoning
[diagnose]
lethargy, sedation, coma, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoventilation, pinpoint pupils, cool skin, decreased bowel sounds, flaccid muscles
opioids
Tx: naloxone
[diagnose]
confusion hyperventilation acidosis fever seizures
salicylate toxicity
[diagnose]
disinhibition initially, then lethargy, stupor, coma
nystagmus, decreased muscle tone, hypothermia, small pupils, hypotension, decreased bowel sounds in severe overdose
sedative hypnotics
[diagnose]
agitation, anxiety, seizures, hypertension, tachycardia, arrythmias, mydriasis, vertical and horizontal nystagmus with pcp
skin is warm, sweaty, hyperthermia, increased muscle tone
possible rhabdomyolysis
Stimulants
[diagnose]
type of antidepressant
coma, convulsion, cardiotoxicity
tricyclic antiderpessants
Drugs that can cause increased STOOL osmolar gap
Methanol Ethanol Diuretics Isopropyl alcohol Ethylene glycol
Drugs that cause hyperkalemia
- Beta-adrenergic blockers
- Digitalis
- Flouride
- Lithium
- K-sparing
Drugs that cause hypokalemia
- Beta adrenergic agonist
- methylxanthines
- Diuretics
- toluene
Activated charcoal is not effective for
- Iron
- Lithium
- K
- Alcohol
- Cyanide
- Acids
- Solvents
Activated charcoal is effective for
- Amitriptyline
- Barbiturate
- Carbamazepine
- Digitalis
- Glycosides
- Phencyclidine
- Propoxyphene
- THeophylline
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Valproic acid
Hemodialysis is not effective for
- Amphetamines
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
- Benzodiazepines
- CCBs
- Digoxin
- Metoprolol
- Propanolol
- Opioids
Hemodialysis is effective for
- Carbamazepine
- Ethylene glycol
- Lithium
- Methanol
- Metformin
- Phenobarbital
- Salicylate
- Theophylline
- Valproic acid
