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Biology (Mona) > The Skeleton, Muscles and Movement > Flashcards

The Skeleton, Muscles and Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

what do the skeleton and muscles make up?

A

the musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

what controls the musculoskeletal system

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

endoskeleton is made of

A

bone and cartilage

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4
Q

2 parts of the endoskeleton

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs

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6
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of arms and legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

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7
Q

how many bones in the skull

A

22

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8
Q

cranium

A

bones are protected by fixed joints called sutures

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9
Q

function of cranium

A

protects brain, eye and ear

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10
Q

jaws

A

fixed upper jaw and moveable lower jar

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11
Q

function of jaws

A

holds the teeth

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12
Q

what does the vetebral column consist of?

A

33 bones held together by ligaments

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13
Q

what separate vertebrae?

A

discs of cartilage

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14
Q

function of discs

A

allow friction-free movement and act as shock absorbers

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15
Q

is the backbone flexible

A

yes, as the vertebrae can move slightly

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16
Q

function of the vertebral column

A

encloses and protects the spinal cord

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17
Q

all of the vertebrae

A 
6 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
4 caudal
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18
Q

cervical

A

neck

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19
Q

function of cervical

A

support for skull

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20
Q

thoracic

A

chest

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21
Q

function of thoracic

A

allow movement of ribs

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22
Q

lumbar

A

small of back

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23
Q

function of lumbar

A

strong support for abdominal region

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24
Q

function of sacral

A

fused together, strong support for hip girdle

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25
Q

function of caudal

A

fused to form coccyx

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26
Q

how do discs protect the vertebrae

A

they act as shock absorbers

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27
Q

type of process for attachment of muscles

A

transverse process

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28
Q

3 parts of a single vertebra

A

neural canal
neural spine
articulation surface

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29
Q

neural canal

A

spinal cord lies here

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30
Q

neural spine

A

for attachment of muscles

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31
Q

how many ribs

A

12 pairs

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32
Q

each pair of ribs

A

attached to a separate vertebra

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33
Q

back side

A

dorsal side

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34
Q

front side

A

ventral side

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35
Q

first 7 pairs of ribs at the front

A

attached directly to the sternum

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36
Q

ribs 8-10 at the front

A

attached to the sternum indirectly by cartilage

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37
Q

ribs 11-12 at the front

A

not attached to the sternum (floating ribs)

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38
Q

2 girdles

A

pectoral girdle

pelvic girdle

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39
Q

2 parts of the pectoral girdle

A

scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collar bone)

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40
Q

how is the pectoral girdle attached to the vertebral column

A

by muscles

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41
Q

how is the arm attached to the pectoral girdle

A

ball and socket joint

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42
Q

what does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

6 fused bones attached to the sacrum

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43
Q

the pelvic girdle surrounds…

A

a hollow cavity called the pelvis

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44
Q

how is the leg attached to the pelvic girdle

A

by a ball and socket

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45
Q

fore-limb

A

arm

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46
Q

hind-limb

A

leg

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47
Q

5 functions of the skeleton

A 
support 
protection
movement 
production of blood cells
stores calcium
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48
Q

support of the skeleton

A

the rigid skeleton holds the body upright and gives it shape, forms the framework of the body

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49
Q

protection of the skeleton

A

skull protects the brain
backbone protects spinal cord
ribcage protects heart and lungs

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50
Q

movement of the skeleton

A

muscles attached the bones by tendons, when muscles contract, they pull bones causing movement

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51
Q

production of blood cells by the skeleton

A

red and white blood cells and platelets are made in red bone marrow

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52
Q

2 skeletal tissues

A

cartilage

bone

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53
Q

what is cartilage?

A

a living tissue, consisting of cells and protein fibres embedded in a rubbery matrix

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54
Q

describe cartilage

A

strong and flexible

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55
Q

where is cartilage found 3

A

pinna of ear
trachea
intervertebral discs

56
Q

what is bones

A

bone is a living tissue, much harder than cartilage, most of the adult skeleton is comprised of bone

57
Q

long bones

A

shaft and expanded cells. has a central cavity called the medullary cavity surrounded by compact bones, the ends have spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and a layer of cartilage

58
Q

3 parts of a long bone

A

compact bone
spongy bone
bone marrow

59
Q

compact bone

A

a tough, dense outer layer of bone

60
Q

what does compact bone consist of?

A

bone cells called osteoblasts embedded in a matrix of protein fibres (collagen), hardened with calcium salts and phosphates.

61
Q

what are bone cells supplied with?

A

blood vessels and nerve fibres

62
Q

function of compact bone

A

gives strength and rigidity

63
Q

spongy bone

A

found in the ends of long bones

64
Q

what does spongy bone consist of?

A

bony bars and plates with spaces filled with bone marrow

65
Q

function of spongy bone

A

gives strength and rigidity without adding too much weight

66
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

red marrow

yellow marrow

67
Q

red marrow found in

A

ribs, pelvis, vertebrae and spaces between spongy bone

68
Q

function of red marrow

A

produced red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

69
Q

yellow marrow

A

inactive marrow

70
Q

where is yellow marrow found

A

in the medullary cavity of long bones

71
Q

function of yellow marry

A

stores fate

72
Q

the skeleton of the human embryo is first composed of

A

fat

73
Q

replacement by bone in embryo

A

in the 8th week - ossification

74
Q

bone-forming cells

A

osteoblasts

75
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

secrete protein fibres which form a matrix in which the bone cells become embedded

76
Q

how do the protein fibres become hardened?

A

with the addition of calcium salts

77
Q

function of protein fibres

A

give the bone flexibility

78
Q

function of calcium salts

A

give the bone strength

79
Q

when do osteoblasts become dormant?

A

when embedded in the hardened bone material and they are known as osteocytes

80
Q

growth in length of bone

A

occurs in growth plate (made of cartilage)

81
Q

where is the growth plate found?

A

between the head and the shaft of the bone

82
Q

what happens in the growth plate?

A

cartilage is continuously made and converted into bone by osteoblasts

83
Q

growth stimulated by

A

growth hormone from pituitary gland

84
Q

in adulthood, what happens to the growth plate?

A

it is replaced by bone and the bone no longer increases in length - this determines the height of the person

85
Q

does bone formation stop in adulthood?

A

no, throughout life, bone is continually broken down and replaced again

86
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone and release calcium into blood

87
Q

osteoblasts

A

form new bone

88
Q

continued renewal of bone depends on

A

exercise, diet, age and hormones (sec and growth)

89
Q

effect of physical activity on bone

A

bones become thick and strong when stressed

90
Q

lack of stress on bones

A

causes them to become thin

91
Q

calcium and vitamin D

A

essential in the diet, especially up to age 35 where bone density reaches its maximum

92
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disorder of the musculoskeletal system where bone density decreases (porous bones)

93
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a loss of bone cells, collagen and minerals from bone - causes bones to become brittle and break easily

94
Q

what causes osteoporosis

A

lack of exercise, lack of calcium, genetic makeup, ageing (fall of oestrogen at menopause

95
Q

3 forms of treatment for osteoporosis

A

weight bearing exercise
increased calcium and vitamin D in diet
hormone treatment (HRT - oestrogen)

96
Q

prevention of osteoporosis

A

diet rich in calcium and vitamin D

exercise to stress the bones

97
Q

where 2 bones meet

A

join

98
Q

joints are classified by

A

the movement that they allow

99
Q

3 types of joints

A

immovable joint
slightly movable joint
freely movable or synovial joint

100
Q

immovable joint

A

bones fused together

101
Q

where can you find immovable joints

A

skull, bones in pelvic girdle

102
Q

function of immovable joints

A

protection and strength

103
Q

slightly moveable joint found

A

between vertebrae

104
Q

slightly moveable joint in vertebrae

A

vertebrae held by ligaments and separated by discs of cartilage

105
Q

function of slightly moveable joint

A

allows limited movement but still protects the spinal nerves

106
Q

4 types of freely movable or synovial joint

A

ball and socket
hinge
gliding
pivot

107
Q

ball and socket joint

A

found in hip and shoulder

108
Q

function of ball and socket joint

A

allows movement in 3 planes

109
Q

hinge joint

A

in elbow and knee

110
Q

function of hinge joint

A

allows movement in one place

111
Q

gliding joint

A

in wrist and ankle

112
Q

pivot joint

A

in neck

113
Q

in a synovial joint: ends of bones

A

enclosed in a fibrous capsule, part of the capsule is modified to form ligaments

114
Q

ligaments

A

hold bone to bone

115
Q

in a synovial joint: inside of capsule

A

lined with synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid

116
Q

synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant, preventing friction in the joint during movement

117
Q

in a synovial joint: ends of bone covered

A

covered with a layer of smooth cartilage (articular cartilage). helps to prevent friction and acts as a shock absorber

118
Q

arthritis

A

a skeletal disorder where there is inflammation or swelling in a joint

119
Q

1 common form of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

120
Q

causes of arthritis

A

cartilage covering the ends of the bones is worn down due to wear and tear, injury, disease or age
bone underneath enlarges and more synovial fluid forms, joint becomes swollen and stiff

121
Q

prevention of arthritis 3

A

reduce damage to joints by;
avoiding running on hard ground
using proper footwear when running
avoid too much strain and injury of joints

122
Q

treatment of arthritis 4

A

rest the joint
exercise to retain mobility
anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the swelling
replacement of joint by surgery

123
Q

muscles

A

the contractile tissues of the body - bring about movement

124
Q

3 types of muscles

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

125
Q

2 other words for smooth muscle

A

unstriped or involuntary muscle

126
Q

smooth muscle causes

A

slow, involuntary movements

127
Q

smooth muscle found in

A

walls of arteries, veins, gut, uterus, bladder etc,

128
Q

skeletal muscle aka

A

striped or voluntary muscle

129
Q

skeletal muscle causes

A

quick, voluntary movements

130
Q

skeletal muscle found in

A

attached to skeleton eg. biceps, triceps

131
Q

cardiac muscle

A

contracts rhythmically without getting fatigued

132
Q

cardiac muscle found in

A

wall of heart

133
Q

skeletal muscles connected to bone by,

A

tough, inelastic tendons

134
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

pairs of muscles that have opposing effects

135
Q

1 pair of antagonistic muscles

A

biceps and triceps

136
Q

bicep contracts tricep relaxes

A

raises forearm (flexor)

137
Q

tricep contracts bicep relaxes

A

lowers forearm (extensor)

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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