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Biology (Mona) > Cell continuity > Flashcards

Cell continuity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

cell continuity

A

existing cells divide and produce new cells

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2
Q

genome

A

all the genetic material in an organism

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3
Q

where is most of the DNA in the cell found

A

in the nucleus

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4
Q

how is DNA organised

A

into structures called chromosomes

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread like structures in the nucleus

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6
Q

what are chromosomes composed of

A

DNA and protein

carry thousands of genes

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7
Q

in a non-dividing cell, describe the chromosomes

A

uncoiled and form a tangled mass called chromatin

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8
Q

when a cell is dividing, describe the chromosomes

A

they contract and thicken

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9
Q

haploid cell

A

has one set of chromosomes

– one of each type of chromosomes

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10
Q

diploid cell

A

has two sets of chromosmes

– two of each type of chromosme

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11
Q

n represents

A

haploid cell

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12
Q

2n represents

A

diploid cell

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13
Q

what describes the sequence of events in a dividing cell

A

the cell cycle

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14
Q

interphase

A

the non-dividing cell

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15
Q

what happens to the cell during interphase

A

it grows and increases in size

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16
Q

what do cells make during interphase

A

proteins, lipids

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17
Q

what happens to during organelles interphase

A

they are replicated

  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosomes
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18
Q

what happens to the DNA during interphase 2

A

it uncoils

it makes a copy of itself

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19
Q

what hold the identical chromosomes together

A

a centromere

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20
Q

what happens to the nucleus during division

A

it divides (mitosis)

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21
Q

what happens to the cytoplasm during division

A

it divides (cellular division)

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22
Q

all body cells in organisms of the same species have

A

the same number of chromosmes

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23
Q

during growth and cell multiplication, what must be kept constant

A

the number of chromosomes per cell must be kept constant

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24
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

2 identical daughter cells

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25
Q

explain how the 2 daughter cells are identical

A

the same number and same type of chromosomes

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26
Q

what cells can divide by mitosis

A

haploid and diploid cells

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27
Q

4 stages of mitosis in order

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

28
Q

when does interphase occur

A

between miotic divisions

29
Q

describe chromosomes during interphase

A

uncoiled and not visible

30
Q

3 things that happen during interphase

A

DNA replicates
molecules are synthesised
organelles are replicated

31
Q

DNA replicating

A

an identical copy of each chromosome is made

32
Q

what has happened by the end of interphase? 3

A

the chromosomes will have duplicated and begin to become visble
spindle fibres will be forming
the nuclear membrane will be breaking down

33
Q

describe the chromosomes during prophase

A

they become shorter and visible as threads

each chromosome has replicated to make two identical chromosomes joined at the centromere

34
Q

spindle during prophase

A

the spindle forms

35
Q

nucleus during prophase

A

nuclear membrane breams down

36
Q

chromosome during metaphase

A

chromosmes line up on the equator of the cell

37
Q

centomeres during metaphase

A

centromeres are attached to spindle fibres frome each side of the cell

38
Q

3 steps of anaphase

A

centromeres split
spindle fibres contract
identical chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

39
Q

3 steps of telophase

A

chromosomes uncoil and begin to revert to chromatin
nuclear membranes form
nuclei are formed

40
Q

what is cytoplasm divided by in an animal cell

A

a cleavage furrow forming along the equator

cell is pinched in two

41
Q

what do separates the cytoplasm in a plant cell

A

divided by a cell plate forming across the middle of the cell
cell membranes and cell walls are formed on each side of the plate

42
Q

2 results of mitosis

A

2 identical daughter cells

chromosome number is kept constant (have the same number as the parent)

43
Q

genetic information in daughter cells in mitosis

A

identical genetic material and information passes into each new cell

44
Q

role of mitosis in unicellular organisms

A

reproduction

45
Q

3 roles of mitosis in multicellular organisms

A

growth
replacement of cells
repair of tissues

46
Q

location of mitosis in plants

A

root tips, shoot tips, meristems, buds

47
Q

location of mitosis in animals

A

skin (epithelium), bone marrow

48
Q

what does meisois mean?

A

reduction divison

49
Q

2 results of meiosis

A

a diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to form 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes present inthe parent cells
the daughter cells are genetically different

50
Q

what are gametes

A

haploid cells that can fuse (sex cells)

51
Q

what are special about the gamete nuclei

A

they have half the number of chromosomes present in the parent nuclei

52
Q

what does meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

53
Q

2 roles of meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

genetic variation

54
Q

what happens to genes during meiosis

A

genes are separated producing ddifferent arrangements every time

55
Q

how does meiosis produce genetic variation

A

daughter cells are always different

56
Q

2 locations of meiosis in animals

A

testis//ovary

57
Q

2 locations o meiosis in plants

A

anther//ovule

58
Q

2 characteristics of mitosis that are different meiosis

A

number of chromosomes stays constant

daughter cells are identical

59
Q

2 characteristics of meiosis that are different mitosis

A

number of chromosomes is halved

daughter cells are different

60
Q

definition of cancer

A

a group of disorders of the body in which cells lose the normal control of mitosis

61
Q

benign tumours

A

do not move and invade

62
Q

malignant tumours

A

spread and can be life threataning

63
Q

metastisis

A

the spread of cancer

64
Q

mutations

A

can change normal cells into cancer cells

65
Q

what is cancer caused by?

A

mutagens

66
Q

5 mutagens

A 
radiation
chemicals
cigarette smoke
asbestos 
some viruses

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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