Kingdom Fungi Flashcards
3 types of fungi
yeasts, mould and mushrooms
are fungi pro or eukaryotic?
eukaryotes
size of fungi
mainly multicellular
what are fungi composed of?
long filaments called hyphae
a group of hyphae form
a mycelium
are fungi auto or heterotrophic
heterotrophic
do fungi have chloroplasts?
no
what types of heterotrophs are fungi?
they can be parasites or saprophytes
how do fungi reproduce
by means of spores
cell walls of fungi
made of chitin
sporangiophore
vertical hypha
stolon
hypha that grows and spreads the fungus
rhizoids
hyphae to anchor fungus and to absorb food
how does rhizopus feed
it is a saprophyte
where may you find rhizopus
on bread and other starchy foods
how does rhizopus digest the food
the hyphae secrete enzymes onto the substrate to digest the food
soluble products of digestion are then absorbed into the hyphae
reproduction of rhizopus
sexual or asexual
3 ways you can tell if its asexual reproduction
no fusion
no gametes
1 parent
asexual reproduction in rhizopus by
sporulation
what cuts of the sporangium
the columella
sporangium contents divide by
mitosis
what happens as the sporangium ripens
it ripens and becomes black and dries out
when are spores released
the wall bursts
how are spores dispersed
by the wind
when do spores germinate and what happens
if conditions are suitable the spores germinate forming new mycelia
when does sexual reproduction occur in fungi 2
when the hyphae of opposite strains come in contact
under adverse conditions
adverse conditions
lack of food or water
extreme temp or pH
no host if it is a parasite
- the first thing that happens when fungi reproduce sexually
hyphae form short side branches which grow towards each other
- when is a progametangium formed
when the tip of each branch swells up
- what forms the gametangia
the tips are cut off by a crosswall which forms a gametangia
- what happens to the walls of the gametangia
the walls between the gametangia break down
- when does fertilisation occur
when nuclei fuse forming a zygote
- what develops around the zygote and what does it form
a thick wall develops around the zygote forming the zygospore
- what is a zygospore
a dormant, resistant spore
- when and how does the zygospore divide
when conditions are suitable the zygospore divides by meiosis
- what is formed when the zygospore divides by mitosis
a hypha and a sporangium
- what does the sporangium form
haploid spores
- spores are released to
to form new mycelia
2 properties of yeast
unicellular and saprophytic
5 organelles in yeast
cell wall cell membrane storage granules vacuole nucleus
how does yeast reproduce?
asexually by budding
first thing that happens when yeast reproduces
the parent cell forms an outgrowth or bud that fills with cytoplasm
how does yeasts nucleus divide
by mitosis
what happens to the nucleus
moves into the bud
what happens to the bud
it is cut off from the parent cell forming a new daughter cell
what happens once the daughter cells separate
rapid budding can produce a small group (colony) of attached cells
3 beneficial economic importances of fungi
produce antibiotics eg.penecillin
alcohol fermentation by yeast
food - bread or mushrooms
4 harms of fungi
human disease eg. athletes foot
plant disease eg.potato blight
food decay eg.rhizopus on bread
3 edible mushrooms
field mushrooms
truffles
oyster mushrooms
2 poisonous mushrooms
death caps
destroying angel
where can you culture microorganisms
nutrient agar plates
what are nutrient agar plates
dishes with food
agar
a jelly-like substance extracted from seaweed
what does the nutrient used depend on?
on the microorganisms being cultured
asepsis
free of pathogens
how do you sterilise
in the autoclave
autoclave
pressure cooker that provides steam heat
how do you sterilise instruments
flaming them
safety precautions
hands
wash with disinfectant before and after
safety precautions
work bench
swab down with disinifectant
safety precautions
instruments and glassware
sterilise before and after use
safety precautions
nutrient growth medium
sterilise the nutrient growth medium
safety precautions
plates with cultures in them
seal the plates
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
control
unopened plate
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
purpose of a control
to show that the yeast came from the leaf
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
which leaves
ash leaves
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
which agar
prepare sterile malt agar plates
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
how do you attach the leaf discs to the play
attach with sterile forceps with vaseline
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
what do you label the experiments
experiment and control
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
for 24h
the this plate the right way up
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
why leave the right way up for 24h
so that the yeast spores from the leaf discs can fall onto the agar
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
3 days
incubate both upside down for 3 days at 25ºC
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
how do you see the leaf yeast colonies
shiny pink spotes
To investigate the growth of leaf yeast using malt agar plates and controls
after the experiment 2
set up replicates and sterilise the plates to destroy cultures before disposal
