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Biology (Mona) > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell?

A

The basic unit of structure and function in the living organism

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2
Q

Differences between animal and plant cells

A

Cell walls vs no cell wall
Large vacuoles vs small temporary vacuoles
Chloroplasts vs no chloroplasts

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3
Q

Cell ultrastructure

A

The structure of a cell as seen with an electron microscope

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4
Q

other name for cell membrane

A

plasma membrane

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5
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

a very thin boundary around the cell

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of?

A

phospholipids and proteins

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7
Q

where is the phosphate in the phospholipid bilayer

A

the heads

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8
Q

where are the lipids in the phospholipid bilayer

A

the tails

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9
Q

hydrophilic part of phospholipid bilayer

A

phosphate

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10
Q

hydrophobic part of phospholipid bilayer

A

lipid

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11
Q

4 functions of the cell membrane

A

retains the cell contents
selectively permeable barrier
has receptor sites
displays antigens

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12
Q

what is the benefit of the cell membrane being a semi permeable barrier

A

allows some molecules to pass through and prevents others

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13
Q

what are the receptor sites in the cell membrane for?

A

for binding with molecules such as hormones

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14
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules that stimulate the formation of antibodies

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15
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

watery cell contents that surround the nucleus

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16
Q

what percentage of the cytoplasm in human cells is made up of water

A

70-90%

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17
Q

3 functions of the cytoplasm

A

supports and separates the organelles
acts as a storage area eg. for food and salt
chemical reactions occur in it

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18
Q

1 example of a chemical reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis in respiration

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19
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of the cytoplasm

cytoplasm without the organelles

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20
Q

when do you say cytosol instead of cytoplasm

A

only when asked for it

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21
Q

what is the largest cell organelle

A

the nucleus

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22
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

a nuclear membrane

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23
Q

what type of membrane is the nuclear membrane?

A

a double membrane

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24
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

the chromosomes

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25
Q

what are chromosomes composed of?

A

DNA and protein

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26
Q

when are chromosomes visible

A

when they are dividing

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27
Q

what happens to the chromosomes between the divisions

A

they become uncoiled and form a tagles mass called chromatin

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28
Q

3 functions of the nucleus

A

controls cell structure and function
DNA replication and nuclear division
controls the formation of mRNA

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29
Q

what is the formation of mRNA called

A

transcription

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30
Q

describe the nuclear membrane

A

a double lipo-protein membrane with pores

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31
Q

2 functions of the nuclear membrane

A

retains the nuclear contents

has pores to allow materials in and out of the nucleus

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32
Q

What is a ribosome

A

a very small organelle

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33
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

RNA and protein

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34
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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35
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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36
Q

Describe the miochondrias appearance

A

a rod-shaped organelle with 2 membranes

37
Q

outer layer of the mitochondria

A

outer membrane

38
Q

inner layer of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

39
Q

what is on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

cristae

40
Q

the middle of the mitochondria

A

the matrix

41
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration

42
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

the release of energy from food that needs oxygen

43
Q

what does the number of mitochondria in a cell relate to?

A

the energy requirements of that cell

44
Q

cells that need a lot of energy

A

have a large number of mitochondria

45
Q

what is the cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose

46
Q

is the cell wall permeable at all

A

yes, fully permeable

47
Q

3 fucntions of the cell wall

A

gives shape to the cekk
prevents plants from bursting
protects against pathogens

48
Q

why is it important for the cell to have good shape?

A

gives shape to the whole plant

49
Q

how does the cell wall prevent the plant from bursting

A

when water is taken in by osmosis it allows the development of turgor

50
Q

what is the large vacuole

A

a sac surrounded by a membrane

51
Q

what is the large vacuole filled with

A

fluid called cell sap

52
Q

3 functions of the large vacuole

A

stores water
stores food
holds gases

53
Q

why is it important for the vacuole to store water

A

to make the cell turgid

54
Q

what food does the vacoule store?

A

sugar, salt, protein, amino acids etc.

55
Q

what gases are held in the vacuole

A

O2 CO2

56
Q

describe the chloroplast

A

a green oval-shaped organelle that contains chlorophyll

57
Q

function of the chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

58
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the making of food using sunlight energy

59
Q

2 types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

60
Q

2 things that prokaryotic cells dont have

A

a nucleus

membrane bound organis

61
Q

2 membrane bound organelles

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

62
Q

which kingdom do the prokaryotes belong to?

A

The kingdom monera (bacteria)

63
Q

which kingdoma do the eukaryotes belong to?

A

protoctista, fungi, plant and animal

64
Q

with what unit are cells measured?

A

micrometers

65
Q

top part of the microscope

A

eyepiece

66
Q

what hold the objective lens in place

A

the nose piece

67
Q

what magnifies the image a lot

A

objective lens

68
Q

low power lens strength

A

x10

69
Q

high power lens strength

A

x40

70
Q

what focuses the image

A

coarse and fine focus adjustment wheels

71
Q

where do you put the slide

A

on the stage

72
Q

what adjusts the amount of light passing through the slide

A

iris diaphragm

73
Q

what illuminates the object

A

mirror/light bulb

74
Q

what is passed up through the specimen

A

visible (white) light

75
Q

what do the lenses do?

A

they bend the light so that the image appears magnified

76
Q

how do you find total magnification

A

by multiplying the powers of the lenses

77
Q

what is the first thing you do when using a microscope

A

switch on the lamp

78
Q

which lens do you use first?

A

the low power lens

79
Q

what do you put on the stage of the microscope?

A

a prepared slide

80
Q

what do you use the coarse adjustment focus wheel with?

A

the low power lens

81
Q

what do you use the fine adjustment focus wheel with?

A

the high power lens

82
Q

what do you swab your cheek with?

A

a disposable loop

83
Q

what do u cover the sample with 2

A

drop of water or methelene blue

84
Q

2 reasons for the cover slip

A

stop the specimen from drying out

protect the lens

85
Q

how do you lower the cover slip

A

slowly

at 45º angle

86
Q

why do you lower the cover slip at 45º angle

A

so as not to trap any air bubbles

87
Q

what plant cell do you use

A

an onion

88
Q

what part of onion do you use

A

the inner epidermis

89
Q

which stain do you use on a plant cell

A

iodine

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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