Food (Biomolecules) Flashcards
1
Q
3 functions of food
A
provide energy
growth of new cells and repair of damaged cells
make molecules that control metabolism
2
Q
what does food need to provide energy for? 2
A
metabolism and production of heat
3
Q
what is growth of new cells needed for?
A
for continuity
4
Q
2 molecules that control metabolism
A
enzymes
hormones
5
Q
6 common elements in food
A
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous sulfur
6
Q
5 elements present in dissolved salts
A
sodium clorine potassium calcium magnesium
7
Q
3 trace elements in food
A
iron
copper
zinc
8
Q
6 biomolecular components of a balanced diet
A
carbohydrates proteins lipids vitamins minerals water
9
Q
biomolecules
A
molecules found in living organisms
10
Q
2 types of carbohydrates
A
sugars and starches
11
Q
component elements of carbohydrates
A
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
12
Q
formula for carbohydrates
A
Cx(H2O)y
13
Q
glucose formula
A
C6H12O6
14
Q
ratio of hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates
A
2H:1O
15
Q
the smallest unit of a carbohydrate
A
saccharide
16
Q
monosaccharide
A
one sugar unit
17
Q
disaccharide
A
two sugar units linked together
18
Q
polysaccharide
A
many sugar units linked together
19
Q
use of monosaccharides
A
in respiration for the release of energy
20
Q
2 examples of monosaccharides
A
glucose
fructose
21
Q
are monosaccharides reducing sugars?
A
yes, all are
22
Q
use of disaccharides
A
broken down easily to monosaccharides and used for the release of energy
23
Q
3 common disaccharides
A
sucrose
lactose
maltose
24
Q
where do you find sucrose
A
table sugar
25
where do you find lactose
in milk
26
where do you find maltose
formed during the breakdown of strach
27
sucrose is made of
glucose and fructose
28
lactose is made of
glucose and galactose
29
maltose is made of
2 glucoses
30
2 functions of polysaccharides
to store energy
| used as structural material
31
2 polysaccharides that store energy
starch
| glycogen
32
2 polysaccharides used as structural material
cellulose/chitin
33
what is starch made of
long chains of glucose molecules, folded and packed into starch grains
34
function of starch
stores energy in plants
35
3 sources of starch
potatoes
bread
rice
36
what is glycogen made of
made of long chain of glucose molecules
37
function of glycogen
stores energy in animals
38
what is the other name of glycogen
animal starch
39
where is glycogen found 2
liver and muscle
40
what is cellulose made of?
many long chains of glucose molecules
41
structural function of cellulose
forms cell wall in plants
42
function of cell wall
gives shape and strength to the cell
43
can humans digest cellulose
no
44
why is cellulose important in our diet
as roughage as fibre
45
function of fibre
fibre adds bulk to the waste in the gut and stimulates peristalsis
helps to empty the gut faster
46
what does lack of roughage do
causes constipation
47
2 places where chitin is stored
found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
| in the cell wall of fungi
48
composition of protein
carbon
hyrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
49
what can some proteins also contain
sulphur and other elements
50
units of protein
amino acids
51
how many commonly occuring amino acids found in proteins
20
52
how do amino acids form a proetin
they are joined in chains by peptide bonds
53
peptide
chain of less than 20 amino acids
54
polypeptide
chain of more than 20 amino acids
55
are proteins polypeptides
yes
56
what differs different proteins
the number and sequence of amino acids
57
sources of protein
eggs
| soya beans
58
5 functions of protein
```
cell membranes
enzymes and hormones
haemoglobin
antibodies
muscle,skin etc.
```
59
denaturing
change in structure with a loss of water
60
denaturation of protein
an irreversible change in the structure of a protein, so that it can no longer function
61
3 ways you can denature a protein
strong heat
pH too high or low
organic solvents
62
can plants store protein
yes
63
where do plants store protein
eg.in stem and root tubers
64
can animals store protein
no
65
what happens to excess protein in animals?
broken down in the liver and converted into urea
| deamination
66
3 types of lipids
fats, oils, waxes
67
composition of lipids (elements)
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
68
composition of lipids
one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
69
what are lipids called
tryglyceride
70
fats
lipids that are solid at room temperature
71
oils
lipids that are liquid at room temperature
72
phospholipids
lipids where one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
73
3 sources of lipids
oil, nuts, avocado
74
functions of lipids
```
release and storage of energy
formation of cell membranes
forms adipose tissue under the skin
protection of internal organs
formation of vitamin D
sebum prevents dry and cracking of skin
forms some hormones
wax is used as waterproofing material in plants and animals
```
75
what are vitamins
complex organic compounds found in very small quantities in natural food
76
do vitamins have energy value
they have no energy value but are essential for the good health of the body
77
what makes vitamins?
plants make vitamins, but animals must get them in their food
78
1 fat soluble vitamin
D
79
main sources of vitamin D
egg yolk, milk, action of sunlight on lipid in skin
80
function of vitamin D
to absorb calcium from intestines into the blood
81
2 deficiency diseases of vitamin D
rickets in children
| osteomalacia in adults
82
water soluble vitamin
Vitamin C
83
main sources of Vitamin C
citrus fruits
berries
green vegetables
84
function of Vitamin C
formation of skin, gums, bones, blood vessels
85
deficiency diseases of Vitamin C
scurvy
86
2 symptoms of scurvy
bleeding gums
| slow wound healing
87
structural role of carbohydrate
cellulose in cell wall
88
structural role of proteins
fibrous
keratin in hair
myosin in muscle
collagen in skin
89
structural roles of lipids
phospholipids in cell
| protective layer around organs eg.kidneys
90
metabolic roles of carbohydrates 2
release of energy (eg.glucose)
| storage of energy (starch (plants) glycogen (animals))
91
metabolic roles of proteins 2
formation of enzymes (control all metabolic activity)
| formation of some hormones (eg.insulin)
92
metabolic role of vitamin c
needed for the formation of the skin, bone, cartilage, gums and lining of blood vessels
93
minerals
inorganic chemicals
94
note on energy of minerals
have no energy value but are need in small amounts, essential for good health
95
4 functions of minerals in living organisms
form rigid body structures eg. calcium in bones and cell walls
form soft body tissues eg. nitrogen and sulphur in muscles
form cell and body fluids eg. sodium in blood plasma
formation of pigments eg.iron in haemoglobin
96
2 animal minerals
calcium and iron
97
sources of calcium
milk
| hard water
98
functions of calcium
bone and tooth formation
99
calcium deficiency symptoms
poor bone growth
| rickets
100
sources of iron
liver, red meat, spinach
101
functions of iron
forms part of haemoglobin
102
deficiency of iron
anaemia (not enough haemoglobin)
103
2 plant minerals
calcium
| magnesium
104
sources of calcium plants
absorbed from soil
105
functions of calcium plants
forms middle lamella between cell walls
106
deficiency of calcium plants
death of growing tips
107
sources of magnesium
absorbed from soil
108
function of magnesium
forms part of chlorophyll
109
magnesium deficiency
yellow leaves
110
7 importances of water in living organisms
```
good solvent
chemical reactions
turgor
moves easily in and out of cells
absorbs energy
strong cohesion
major component of cytoplasm and body fluids
```
111
explain water as a good solvent
in chemical reactions in the cytoplasm and a transport medium in blood, lymph, xylem and phloem
112
explain how water takes place in chemical reactions
in photosynthesis, water provides hydrogen to make carbohydrates
113
how does water give turgor
non woody (herbaceus) plants need h2o for turgor to support the plant or else the plant wilts
114
explain how water moves easily in and out of cells is important
allows substances dissolved in water to move in and out of cells
115
explain how water can absorb energy is important
it takes a lot of energy to heat it up (high specific heat capacity) heats up slowly, cools down slowly. high water content allows for stable temperature in an organism
116
explain strong cohesion of water
the upward movement of h2o in plants is helped by strong cohesion (attraction) of h2o molecules
