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Human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what does sexual reproduction in humans involve?

A

the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete

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2
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

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3
Q

female gamete

A

egg

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4
Q

function of testes 2

A

produce sperm

secrete testosterone

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5
Q

what is the scrotum

A

a pouch to enclose and protect the testes outside of the body

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6
Q

function of scrotum

A

has a low temperature needed for sperm production (~35ºc)

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7
Q

epididymus

A

a tube on the surface of each testis

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8
Q

2 functions of the epididymus

A

stores sperm

where sperm mature

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9
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm duct

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10
Q

function of vas deferens

A

a tube to carry sperm to the urethra

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11
Q

3 associated glands with the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowpers gland

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12
Q

what fluid do the glands of the male reproductive system secrete

A

seminal fluid

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13
Q

what is semen made of

A

when seminal fluid combines with sperm

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14
Q

2 things that seminal fluid provides for sperm

A

food and a medium through which to swim

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15
Q

urethra

A

a tube down the centre of the penis

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16
Q

function of urethra

A

carries semen and urine to the outside of the body

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17
Q

function of penis

A

places semen in the vagina of the female

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18
Q

dna of sperm producing cells

A

diploid sperm producing cells

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19
Q

how are sperm cells made

A

these cells divide by meiosis

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20
Q

when does sperm production occur

A

begins at puberty and continues throughout the life of man

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21
Q

3 functions of testosterone

A

formation
development of male sex organs
development of male secondary sexual characteristocs

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22
Q

2 secondary male sexual characteristics

A

deepening of the voice

facial hair

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23
Q

2 functions of the ovary 2

A

produces eggs

secretes female sex hormones; oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

what stimulates the production of female secondary sexual characteristics

A

oestrogen

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25
fallopian tube =
oviduct
26
function of fallopian tube
transfers eggs from ovary to uterus
27
where does fertilisation occur
the fallopian tubes
28
uterus=
womb
29
uterus
a thick-walled muscular organ that encloses and protects the developing embryo
30
endometrium
soft lining of the uterus wall for nourishment and implantaion of the mebryo and placenta formation
31
cervix
a ring of muscle at the neck of the womb that separate the womb from the vagina
32
vagina =
birth canal
33
birth canal
passage leading from the womb to the outside of the body, lined with mucus-secreting cells
34
when are oestrogen and progesterone important
in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy
35
2 secondary sexual characteristics in females
development of the breasts | widening of the hips
36
the menstrual cycle
a series of changes that occur in the ovary and in the lining of the uterus every 28 days
37
menarche
start of cycle at puberty
38
menopause
end of cycle (45-55 years old)
39
days 1-14
an egg is produced by meiosis in 1 ovary
40
where does the egg develop
in a fluid-filled sac called the Graafian follicle
41
what do Graafian follicle cells secrete
oestrogen
42
around day 14
ovulation occurs
43
what happens at ovulation
the Graafian follicle bursts and releases the egg into the body cavity
44
days 15-28 (after ovulation)
the remains of the Graafian follicle develop into the corpus Luteum (yellow body)
45
what does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone and oestrogen
46
if the egg is not fertilised and implantation does not occur what happens
the corpus luteum begins to break down and stop secreting oestrogen and progesterone
47
what happens when the levels of oestrogen and progesterone fall?
the cycle is brought to an end and a new cycle begins in the other ovary
48
4 differences between egg and sperm
``` sperm: have tails can move may have a y-chromosome are smaller ```
49
outside of the membrane of a human egg
zona pellucida
50
days 1-5 uterus
menstruation occurs, the endometrium breaks down and blood and tissue is shed from the body via the vagina
51
days 6-28 uterus
the endometrium becomes thick and vascular to prepare it to receive an embryo
52
day 28 uterus
if fertilisation does not occur and an embryo is not implanted in the lining of the uterus, menstruation begins, this marks the first day of a new cycle
53
what does the pituitary gland secrete for females
FSH and LH
54
what do the ovaries secrete
oestrogen and progesterone
55
FSH stands for
follicle-stimulation hormone
56
2 functions of FSH
stimulates the formation and development of the graafian follicle and the egg in the ovary stimulates the secretion of oestrogen by the follicle cells
57
3 functions of oestrogen
stimulates the lining of the uterus to repair and become thick and vascular stimulates the secretion of LH inhibits the secretion of FSH so that no more follicles develop (negative feedback)
58
LH stands for
luteinising hormone
59
3 functions of LH
stimulates ovulation stimulates the development of the corpus luteum from the remains of the graafian follicle stimulates the corpus leuteum to secrete progesterone (and small amounts of oestrogen
60
3 functions of progesterone
maintains the thickening of the endometrium inhibits the secretion of FSH so that no more follicles develop during the cycle (negative feedback) inhibits the secretion of LH
61
pathway of the egg
ovary (graafian follicle) - body cavity - fallopian tube
62
pathway of sperm
testis - epididymus - vas deferens - urethra - vagina - cervix - uterus - fallopian tube
63
2 things that the sperm do when it reaches an egg
the acrosome releases enzymes to break down the membrane around the egg the sperm head passes through the membrane of the egg, the tail is left outside
64
what does the egg form once the sperm is in
it forms an impermeable barrier or fertilisation membrane to prevent entry of more sperm
65
fertilisation
when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote
66
how long can sperm live in the female system ?
up to 7 days (average 2 - 3 days)
67
how long can eggs live for?
up to 48 hours after ovulation
68
time when fertilisation is likely to occur
the fertile time
69
how many chromosomes does the fertilised egg have?
46 - 23 from egg and 23 from sperm
70
how does the fertilised egg move along the fallopian tube towards the uterus
by cilia and muscular contraction
71
what occurs at the fertilised cell moves
it divides by mitosis and cleavage of the cytoplasm to form a solid ball of cells called the morula
72
what does the morula do?
the morula moves into the uterus and forms the blastocyst
73
2 parts of the blastocyst
the outer layer - trophoblast (forms part of the placenta) | the inner mass (forms the embryo)
74
3 differences in pregnancy to a normal cycle
corpus luteum keeps growing and produces oestrogen and progesterone endometrium stays thick menstruation does not occur, menstrual cycle stops
75
where does the blastocyst stick to?
the endometrium
76
what do trophoblast cells do?
they produce enzymes that allow the blastocyst to digest its way into the endometrium
77
implantation
the embedding of the blastocyst in the endometrium
78
when does implantation occur
about 7-10 days after the implantation
79
when is the woman considered to be pregnant?
once fertilisation has occured
80
high levels of progesterone and oestrogen during pregnancy do what?
maintain the growth of the endometrium and the menstrual cycle stops and inhibit secretion of FSH so that eggs are not produced during pregnancy

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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