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Biology (Mona) > Human reproduction > Flashcards

Human reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does sexual reproduction in humans involve?

A

the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete

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2
Q

male gamete

A

sperm

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3
Q

female gamete

A

egg

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4
Q

function of testes 2

A

produce sperm

secrete testosterone

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5
Q

what is the scrotum

A

a pouch to enclose and protect the testes outside of the body

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6
Q

function of scrotum

A

has a low temperature needed for sperm production (~35ºc)

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7
Q

epididymus

A

a tube on the surface of each testis

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8
Q

2 functions of the epididymus

A

stores sperm

where sperm mature

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9
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm duct

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10
Q

function of vas deferens

A

a tube to carry sperm to the urethra

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11
Q

3 associated glands with the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowpers gland

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12
Q

what fluid do the glands of the male reproductive system secrete

A

seminal fluid

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13
Q

what is semen made of

A

when seminal fluid combines with sperm

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14
Q

2 things that seminal fluid provides for sperm

A

food and a medium through which to swim

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15
Q

urethra

A

a tube down the centre of the penis

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16
Q

function of urethra

A

carries semen and urine to the outside of the body

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17
Q

function of penis

A

places semen in the vagina of the female

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18
Q

dna of sperm producing cells

A

diploid sperm producing cells

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19
Q

how are sperm cells made

A

these cells divide by meiosis

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20
Q

when does sperm production occur

A

begins at puberty and continues throughout the life of man

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21
Q

3 functions of testosterone

A

formation
development of male sex organs
development of male secondary sexual characteristocs

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22
Q

2 secondary male sexual characteristics

A

deepening of the voice

facial hair

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23
Q

2 functions of the ovary 2

A

produces eggs

secretes female sex hormones; oestrogen and progesterone

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24
Q

what stimulates the production of female secondary sexual characteristics

A

oestrogen

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25
Q

fallopian tube =

A

oviduct

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26
Q

function of fallopian tube

A

transfers eggs from ovary to uterus

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27
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

the fallopian tubes

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28
Q

uterus=

A

womb

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29
Q

uterus

A

a thick-walled muscular organ that encloses and protects the developing embryo

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30
Q

endometrium

A

soft lining of the uterus wall for nourishment and implantaion of the mebryo and placenta formation

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31
Q

cervix

A

a ring of muscle at the neck of the womb that separate the womb from the vagina

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32
Q

vagina =

A

birth canal

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33
Q

birth canal

A

passage leading from the womb to the outside of the body, lined with mucus-secreting cells

34
Q

when are oestrogen and progesterone important

A

in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy

35
Q

2 secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

development of the breasts

widening of the hips

36
Q

the menstrual cycle

A

a series of changes that occur in the ovary and in the lining of the uterus every 28 days

37
Q

menarche

A

start of cycle at puberty

38
Q

menopause

A

end of cycle (45-55 years old)

39
Q

days 1-14

A

an egg is produced by meiosis in 1 ovary

40
Q

where does the egg develop

A

in a fluid-filled sac called the Graafian follicle

41
Q

what do Graafian follicle cells secrete

A

oestrogen

42
Q

around day 14

A

ovulation occurs

43
Q

what happens at ovulation

A

the Graafian follicle bursts and releases the egg into the body cavity

44
Q

days 15-28 (after ovulation)

A

the remains of the Graafian follicle develop into the corpus Luteum (yellow body)

45
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone and oestrogen

46
Q

if the egg is not fertilised and implantation does not occur what happens

A

the corpus luteum begins to break down and stop secreting oestrogen and progesterone

47
Q

what happens when the levels of oestrogen and progesterone fall?

A

the cycle is brought to an end and a new cycle begins in the other ovary

48
Q

4 differences between egg and sperm

A 
sperm:
have tails
can move
may have a y-chromosome
are smaller
49
Q

outside of the membrane of a human egg

A

zona pellucida

50
Q

days 1-5 uterus

A

menstruation occurs, the endometrium breaks down and blood and tissue is shed from the body via the vagina

51
Q

days 6-28 uterus

A

the endometrium becomes thick and vascular to prepare it to receive an embryo

52
Q

day 28 uterus

A

if fertilisation does not occur and an embryo is not implanted in the lining of the uterus, menstruation begins, this marks the first day of a new cycle

53
Q

what does the pituitary gland secrete for females

A

FSH and LH

54
Q

what do the ovaries secrete

A

oestrogen and progesterone

55
Q

FSH stands for

A

follicle-stimulation hormone

56
Q

2 functions of FSH

A

stimulates the formation and development of the graafian follicle and the egg in the ovary
stimulates the secretion of oestrogen by the follicle cells

57
Q

3 functions of oestrogen

A

stimulates the lining of the uterus to repair and become thick and vascular
stimulates the secretion of LH
inhibits the secretion of FSH so that no more follicles develop (negative feedback)

58
Q

LH stands for

A

luteinising hormone

59
Q

3 functions of LH

A

stimulates ovulation
stimulates the development of the corpus luteum from the remains of the graafian follicle
stimulates the corpus leuteum to secrete progesterone (and small amounts of oestrogen

60
Q

3 functions of progesterone

A

maintains the thickening of the endometrium
inhibits the secretion of FSH so that no more follicles develop during the cycle (negative feedback)
inhibits the secretion of LH

61
Q

pathway of the egg

A

ovary (graafian follicle) - body cavity - fallopian tube

62
Q

pathway of sperm

A

testis - epididymus - vas deferens - urethra - vagina - cervix - uterus - fallopian tube

63
Q

2 things that the sperm do when it reaches an egg

A

the acrosome releases enzymes to break down the membrane around the egg
the sperm head passes through the membrane of the egg, the tail is left outside

64
Q

what does the egg form once the sperm is in

A

it forms an impermeable barrier or fertilisation membrane to prevent entry of more sperm

65
Q

fertilisation

A

when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote

66
Q

how long can sperm live in the female system ?

A

up to 7 days (average 2 - 3 days)

67
Q

how long can eggs live for?

A

up to 48 hours after ovulation

68
Q

time when fertilisation is likely to occur

A

the fertile time

69
Q

how many chromosomes does the fertilised egg have?

A

46 - 23 from egg and 23 from sperm

70
Q

how does the fertilised egg move along the fallopian tube towards the uterus

A

by cilia and muscular contraction

71
Q

what occurs at the fertilised cell moves

A

it divides by mitosis and cleavage of the cytoplasm to form a solid ball of cells called the morula

72
Q

what does the morula do?

A

the morula moves into the uterus and forms the blastocyst

73
Q

2 parts of the blastocyst

A

the outer layer - trophoblast (forms part of the placenta)

the inner mass (forms the embryo)

74
Q

3 differences in pregnancy to a normal cycle

A

corpus luteum keeps growing and produces oestrogen and progesterone
endometrium stays thick
menstruation does not occur, menstrual cycle stops

75
Q

where does the blastocyst stick to?

A

the endometrium

76
Q

what do trophoblast cells do?

A

they produce enzymes that allow the blastocyst to digest its way into the endometrium

77
Q

implantation

A

the embedding of the blastocyst in the endometrium

78
Q

when does implantation occur

A

about 7-10 days after the implantation

79
Q

when is the woman considered to be pregnant?

A

once fertilisation has occured

80
Q

high levels of progesterone and oestrogen during pregnancy do what?

A

maintain the growth of the endometrium and the menstrual cycle stops and inhibit secretion of FSH so that eggs are not produced during pregnancy

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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