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Biology (Mona) > DNA profiling > Flashcards

DNA profiling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA profiling

A

the production of a visible pattern of fragments (bands) of DNA for comparing samples of DNA

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2
Q

Other name for DNA profiling

A

genetic fingerprinting

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3
Q

5 steps in preparing a DNA profile `

A
  1. collect tissue samples
  2. cells broken down and DNA extracted
  3. DNA is cut into fragments
  4. fragments separated
  5. profiles analysed
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4
Q

3 examples of suitable tissue samples

A

blood semen or saliva

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5
Q

how is the DNA cut into fragments

A

using restriction enzymes

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6
Q

what is restriction enzymes do?

A

cut DNA at a specific base sequence

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7
Q

how are the fragments of DNA separated

A

by gel electrophoresis

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8
Q

the basis upon which the DNA fragments are separated

A

on the basis of size

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9
Q

3 applications of DNA profiling

A

forensic science/crime
medical/paternity disputes
genetic screening

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10
Q

forensic science or crime as an application of DNA profiling

A

bodily material found at crime scene

used to identify a subject

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11
Q

medical/paternity disputes

A

used to identify the father or mother of a child

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12
Q

genetic screening

A

a test for the presence or absence of genes

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13
Q

genetic engineering

A

the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes or genotype or DNA

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14
Q

recombinant DNA

A

the combination of DNA from different organisms

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15
Q

5 processes in genetic engineering

A 
isolation
cutting
ligation
transformation/introduction of base sequence changes
expression
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16
Q

isolation

A 
human chromosome with the target gene is removed from a cell
the plasmid (made of DNA) is removed from the bacterium
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17
Q

cutting

A

the human chromosome is cut to remove the target gene using a restriction enzyme
plasmid is cut using same enzyme

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18
Q

ligation

A

human target gene mixed with plasmid, the cut ends of the human DNA and the plasmid DNA are joined by an enzyme called ligase (ligation)
plasmid is now composed of recombinant DNA

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19
Q

transformation/introduction of base sequence changes

A

the uptake of DNA into a cell
bacteria are treated to take up the plasmids with the target gene from the surrounding solution
bacterial DNA now has a different base difference from before

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20
Q

expression

A

bacteria now cultured in bioreactor, reproduce asexually
the target gene is expressed (directs the formation of a protein eg. to make insulin)
extracted and purified

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21
Q

application of genetic engineering in plants

A

weedkiller - resistant crops

22
Q

example of weedkiller - resistant crops

A

tomatoes with a long shelf life

23
Q

application of genetic engineering in animals

A

production of a human-blood clotting factor in sheep, produced in their milk
(pharming)
these animals with human genes are said to be transgenic

24
Q

application of genetic engineering in microorganisms

A

production of human insulin by bacteria

25
Q

dangers of genetic engineering 2

A

release of GMOs into the environment may lead to the escape of foreign genes into the environment
as a food source - possible danger to health, toxic proteins, allergic reactions

26
Q

genetic testing in humans

A

tests carried out after birth to detect diseases or genes early

27
Q

mutation 2

A

change in genetic material

change in dna or gene or chromosome structure

28
Q

how do mutations occur

A

at random in any gene or chromosome

29
Q

number of mutations that survive

A

very low as cells can often repair damaged DNA

30
Q

mutant genes in DNA

A

often recessive and don’t appear in the phenotype

31
Q

harmful mutations

A

may increase the rate of mitosis forming tumors

32
Q

can mutations be inherited

A

yes, may cause genetic defects in the child

33
Q

genetic mutations give rise to

A

changes in the phenotype and variation

34
Q

if a mutation is inheritable

A

it can play a part in evolution by allowing natural selection to occur

35
Q

2 types of mutation

A

chromosome mutation

gene (or point) mutation

36
Q

2 types of chromosome mutation

A

change in structure of chromosome

change in the number of chromosomes

37
Q

2 examples of change in structure of chromosome

A

deletion

inversion

38
Q

deletion

A

a piece of chromosome (DNA) is lost

39
Q

inversion

A

a piece of chromosome breaks off and turns upside down before rejoining (may cause cancer in humans)

40
Q

change in number of chromosomes

A

addition or loss of one or more chromosomes eg. Downs syndrome results from presence of an extra chromosome in zygote, i.e. every cell is 2n = 47

41
Q

gene (or point) mutation

A

sequence of bases in part of a DNA strand is altered

42
Q

4 examples of gene (or point) mutation

A

albinism
haemophilia
cystic fibrosis
sickle-cell anaemia

43
Q

albinism

A

can’t produce melanin - skin pigment

44
Q

haemophilia

A

blood won’t clot due to lack of clotting factor

45
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

thick mucus secreted in lungs and gut

46
Q

sickle-cell anaemia

A

abnormal red blood cells

47
Q

sickle cell anaemia is caused by

A

a mutant recessive gene - only occurs in someone who is homozygous for the condition

48
Q

sickle cells

A

have abnormal haemoglobin which makes the red blood cells change into a sickle shape, cells clump together and cause heart failure and damage to brain, kidney, liver etc

49
Q

causes of mutation

A

mutagenic agents

50
Q

3 examples of mutagens

A

radiation (X-rays, UV rays)
chemicals (tobacco smoke, benzene, asbestos, mercury)
viruses

51
Q

if a mutagen causes cancer it is called

A

a carcinogen

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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