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Biology (Mona) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the release of energy by breaking down food

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2
Q

what food is mainly broken down by respiration?

A

glucose

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3
Q

how is respiration carried out?

A

in a series of enzyme controlled reactions

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4
Q

2 ways that the energy from respiration may be used

A

some used to make ATP

some given off as heat energy

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5
Q

what is atp known as

A

energy currency

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6
Q

what is the immediate source of energy for all cells

A

atp

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7
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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8
Q

3 components of atp molecules

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphate groups

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9
Q

where does atp store anergy

A

in the phosphate bonds (~P)

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10
Q

what happens to atp during the breakdown

A

the last phosphate is broken off and adp is formed

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11
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

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12
Q

ATP ->

A

ATP + P + Energy Released

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13
Q

4 things done by the release of energy from ATP

A

muscle contraction
nerve impulse transmission
synthesis of molecules
cell division

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14
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

from the combining of ADP and a phosphate. Energy is needed

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15
Q

Is energy needed to form ATP?

A

yes

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16
Q

Phosphorylation

A

adding of a phosphate

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17
Q

where is ATP found?

A

in small quantities in all living cells

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18
Q

when is ATP produced?

A

it is continuously produced wherever it is needed

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19
Q

speed of the breakdown of atp

A

it can be broken down and remade very quickly

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20
Q

What is the name for the formation and breakdown of ATP?

A

the atp cycle

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21
Q

are digestion and respiration separate?

A

they are 2 separate things but one is reliant on the other

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22
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

the release of energy that requires oxygen

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23
Q

are most organisms aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

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24
Q

What happens to the substrate in Aerobic respiration ?

A

it is completely broken down and a large amount of energy is released

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25
Q

net yield per glucose molecule of ATP in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

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26
Q

equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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27
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

the release of energy that does not require O2

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28
Q

what happens to the substrate in anaerobic respiration ?

A

it is partially broken down and a small amount of energy is released

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29
Q

Net energy yield of atp per molecule of glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

2

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30
Q

other name for anaerobic respiration

A

fermentation

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31
Q

2 types of anaerobic respiration

A

alcohol fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

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32
Q

where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

in yeast

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33
Q

equation for alcohol fermentation in yeast

A

glucose -> 2 ethyl alcohol + 2CO2 + Energy

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34
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

in human muscle cells and in some bacteria

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35
Q

equation for lactic acid fermentation

A

glucose -> 2 Lactic acid + energy

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36
Q

how many stages in aerobic respiration

A

2

37
Q

name the 2 stages of aerobic respiration of glucose

A

glycolysis

kreb’s cycle

38
Q

does glycolysis require O2?

A

no

39
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

40
Q

does kreb’s cycle require O2

A

yes

41
Q

where does the kreb’s cycle occur

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

42
Q

what is the final step in the respiration of glucose?

A

the electron transport chain

43
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

44
Q

3 steps of glycolysis

A

glucose broken down to form 2 pyruvic acids
small amount of energy released
ATP is made using the energy released

45
Q

how many carbons in glucose

A

6

46
Q

how many carbons in pyruvic acid

A

3

47
Q

energy released from kreb’s cycle

A

a large amount of energy

48
Q

what condition is necessary for the pyruvic acid to go to the mitochondrion and be completely broken down?

A

the presence of oxygen

49
Q

if O2 is present an the pyruvic acid is completely broken down, what is it converted into

A

Acetyl co-enzyme A

50
Q

how many carbons in Acetyl co-enzyme A

A

2

51
Q

what happens to Acetyl co-enzyme A

A

it goes into the Krebs cycle

52
Q

what happens to Acetyl co-enzyme A when it is in the Krebs cycle

A

it is gradually broken down in a series of enzyme-controlled reactions

53
Q

4 things that are made in the krebs cycle from the breakdown of Acetyl co-enzyme A

A

CO2 is released
ATP is made
Electrons and H+ ions are released
NADH is made

54
Q

function of NAD+

A

picks up and carries electrons and hydrogen ions in the cell making NADH

55
Q

equation for formation of NADH

A

NAD+ +2e- + H+ -> NADH

56
Q

what later happens to the NADH

A

it releases the high-energy electrons on to the elctron transport system and energy is released from them to make atp

57
Q

how many atp per krebs cycle

A

1

58
Q

how many atps per pyrivic acid

A

1

59
Q

how much ATP is made directly during glycolysis and krebs cycle

A

very little ATP

60
Q

total yield of atp per gluocose molecule in glycolysis and krebs cycle

A

4

61
Q

where is most of the energy from food got

A

in the form of high-energy electrons carried by NADH

62
Q

explain the electron transport chain

A

a lot of energy is released and used to make ATP when high energy electrons are released from NADH and passed along the electron transport chain to oxygen

63
Q

where does electron transport chain occur

A

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

64
Q

what happens to the elctrons when they are released from NADH in the electron transport chain

A

they are passed from molecule to molecule

65
Q

what occurs with every electron transfer in the electron transport chain

A

energy is released

66
Q

describe the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

A

they are now low in energy

67
Q

what happens to the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

A

they combine with oxygen and H+ ions to form H2O

68
Q

what is the energy from the electron transport chain used to do

A

making ATP

69
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

70
Q

when NADH passed its 2 high energy electrons along the electron transport chain, enough energy is made to make how many atp?

A

3

71
Q

what happens to NAD+ at the end of the electron transport chain

A

it is reused

72
Q

when does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

if O2 is absent from the cell

73
Q

what happens to pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration

A

it stays in the cytoplasm and is converted to ethanol and CO2 or lactic acid

74
Q

net gain per molecule of glucose in ATP

A

2 ATP

75
Q

when may muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration

A

during periods of vigorous exercise

76
Q

2 function of anaerobic respiration

A

in bacteria to turn milk to yogurt, cheese, sour milk

another bacteria turn fresh grass to silage

77
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

what do you put in each of the conical flasks?

A

an equal volume of glucose

78
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

what is put in one conical flask

A

yeast

leave it out of the control

79
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

what do you attach to each flask?

A

a fermentation lock half filled with water

80
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

what is the function of the fermentation lock?

A

it prevents entry of air but allows the escape of CO2

81
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

where an how long do you leave the flasks

A

in a water bath at 20-35ºC overnight

82
Q

TO PREPARE AND SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL BY YEAST

how do you know when fermentation is over?

A

when no more CO2 bubbles are released

83
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

what do you do with the contents of each flask

A

filter the contents of each flask and transfer some of each filtrate into a test tube

84
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

what do you add to each tube?

A

some acidified potassium dichromate

85
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

what do you finally do with the tubes

A

place in a water bath and heat gently

86
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

yeast and glucose solution original colour

A

n

87
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

yeast and glucose solution final colour

A

n

88
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

control original colour

A

n

89
Q

TO SHOW THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL

control final colour

A

n

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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