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Kingdom Monera - Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

2 characteristics of Kingdom Monera

A

unicellular

prokaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

have no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles eg.mitochondria

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3
Q

bacteria belongs to

A

kingdom monera

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4
Q

3 types of cell shapes

A

round
rod
spiral

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5
Q

coccus

A

round shape

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6
Q

very outside layer of monera cell

A

capsule

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7
Q

inside the capsule

A

cell wall

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8
Q

inside cell wall

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

tail

A

flagellum

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10
Q

small loop of DNA

A

plasmid

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11
Q

inside cell

A

cytoplas

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12
Q

2 other things in the cell

A

ribosomes

chomosome (DNA)

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13
Q

2 types of nutrition in bacterua

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic

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14
Q

2 types of autotrophic bacteria

A

photosynthetic

chemosynthetic

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15
Q

photosynthetic bacteria

A

use sunlight energy to make food

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16
Q

chemosynthetic bacteria

A

use energy from chemical reactions to make food

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17
Q

example of photosynthetic bacteria

A

found in volcanic pools

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18
Q

example of chemosynthetic bacteria

A

nitrifying bacteria in the soil

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19
Q

2 types of heterotrophic bacteria

A

parasitic and saphrophytic

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20
Q

parasitic bacteria

A

a parasite lives in or on a living organism and feeds off it

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21
Q

parasites that cause harm to the host

A

pathogenic bacteria

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22
Q

saprophytic bacteria

A

a saprophyte lives and feeds on dead matter

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23
Q

major role of saprophytes

A

in the decay and recycling of nutrients

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24
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

asexually by binary fission

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25
4 steps in the reproduction of bacteria
the DNA replicates the bacteria grows and elongates DNA copies move to either side bacterium splits into 2
26
result of reproduction of bacteria
2 genetically identical bacteria
27
reproduce every
20 minutes
28
what do mutations do
mutations occur frequently and produce new strains that suit the environment better
29
5 factors affecting growth of cultured bacteria
``` temperature oxygen pH external solute concentration pressure ```
30
how does temperature affect growth of cultured bacteria
affects enzyme action | most bacteria grow well at temperatures between 20-30º
31
how does O2 concentration affect growth of cultured bacteria
aerobic bacteria need O2 for respiration | anaerobic bacteria do not need O2 for respiration
32
obligate anaerobes
can only respire in the absence of O2
33
facultative anaerobes
can respire with or without O2
34
how does pH affect growth of cultured bacteria
affects enzyme action | most bacteria work best at pH 7
35
how does external solute concentration affect growth of cultured bacteria
medium with lower solute concentration: water taken in by osmosis and cell wall prevents it from bursting when it swells medium with higher solute concentration: bacteria lose water by osmosis, enzymes stop working and they die
36
how does pressure affect growth of cultured bacteria
growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressure
37
5 phases of growth curve of population of bacteria
``` lag phase log phase stationary phase decline phase survival phase ```
38
describe lag phase and explain
number stays constant | bacteria are adapting to their new environment
39
describe log phase and explain
number increases | bacteria are reproducing rapidly because there is plenty of food and O2
40
describe stationary phase and explain
number stays constant, birth rate=death rate | reproduction rate slows down because of shortage of food and O2 ad build up of toxic waste (competition)
41
what are endospores
dormant, resistant spores formed by bacteria
42
when are endospores formed
under adverse conditions
43
adverse
harmful
44
some adverse conditions for bacteria
lack of food or water or a host extreme heat or cold presence of poisons
45
endospore formation
``` the DNA (chromosome replicates) one chromosome becomes surrounded by a thick wall endospore is formed and loses water the outer bacterial wall breaks down and the endospore is released ```
46
what happens to an endospore when conditions are suitable again
the endospore germinates, a thick wall breaks down and a single bacterial cell is formed
47
antibiotics
chemicals produced by some fungi and bacteria that kill (or stop the growth of) other bacteria.
48
are antibiotics effective against viruses?
no
49
2 examples of antibiotics
penicillin | streptomycin
50
antibiotic resistance
soon resistant strains of the bacteria begin to appear and they are not killed by the antibiotic
51
how do resistant strains arise
by chance in mutation
52
what happens to resistant strains of bacteria
it survives, multiplies and spreads, due to lack of competition
53
pathogenic bacteria
bacteria that cause disease
54
4 ways we benefit from bacteria
production of drugs production of food waste disposal scientific research
55
explain production of drugs as a benefit of bacteria
antibiotic vaccines and vitamins
56
explain production of food as a benefit of bacteria
yogurt and cheese from milk
57
explain waste disposal as a benefit of bacteria
treatment of sewage
58
3 human diseases caused by bacteria
tuberculosis tonsilitis tetanus
59
3 ways in which bacteria can be harmful to us
human disease tooth decay food decay (food poisoning)
60
2 methods of bioprocessing
batch processing | continuous flow processing
61
batch processing
a fixed amount of sterile nutrient is added to the bioreactor at the beginning and and products removed at the end
62
stages in batch processing
lag log stationary
63
continuous flow processing
nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor | volume of material in bioreactor remains constant
64
states in continuous flow processing
remains at log stage
65
2 advantages of batch culturing
microorganisms are growing naturally | the bioreactor can be used for small volumes of product
66
3 advantages of continuous flow processing
the product is formed more quickly production is continuous no need to sterilise the bioreactor so often

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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