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Biology (Mona) > Kingdom Monera - Bacteria > Flashcards

Kingdom Monera - Bacteria Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 characteristics of Kingdom Monera

A

unicellular

prokaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

have no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles eg.mitochondria

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3
Q

bacteria belongs to

A

kingdom monera

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4
Q

3 types of cell shapes

A

round
rod
spiral

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5
Q

coccus

A

round shape

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6
Q

very outside layer of monera cell

A

capsule

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7
Q

inside the capsule

A

cell wall

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8
Q

inside cell wall

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

tail

A

flagellum

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10
Q

small loop of DNA

A

plasmid

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11
Q

inside cell

A

cytoplas

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12
Q

2 other things in the cell

A

ribosomes

chomosome (DNA)

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13
Q

2 types of nutrition in bacterua

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic

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14
Q

2 types of autotrophic bacteria

A

photosynthetic

chemosynthetic

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15
Q

photosynthetic bacteria

A

use sunlight energy to make food

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16
Q

chemosynthetic bacteria

A

use energy from chemical reactions to make food

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17
Q

example of photosynthetic bacteria

A

found in volcanic pools

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18
Q

example of chemosynthetic bacteria

A

nitrifying bacteria in the soil

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19
Q

2 types of heterotrophic bacteria

A

parasitic and saphrophytic

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20
Q

parasitic bacteria

A

a parasite lives in or on a living organism and feeds off it

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21
Q

parasites that cause harm to the host

A

pathogenic bacteria

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22
Q

saprophytic bacteria

A

a saprophyte lives and feeds on dead matter

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23
Q

major role of saprophytes

A

in the decay and recycling of nutrients

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24
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

asexually by binary fission

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25
Q

4 steps in the reproduction of bacteria

A

the DNA replicates
the bacteria grows and elongates
DNA copies move to either side
bacterium splits into 2

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26
Q

result of reproduction of bacteria

A

2 genetically identical bacteria

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27
Q

reproduce every

A

20 minutes

28
Q

what do mutations do

A

mutations occur frequently and produce new strains that suit the environment better

29
Q

5 factors affecting growth of cultured bacteria

A 
temperature
oxygen 
pH
external solute concentration
pressure
30
Q

how does temperature affect growth of cultured bacteria

A

affects enzyme action

most bacteria grow well at temperatures between 20-30º

31
Q

how does O2 concentration affect growth of cultured bacteria

A

aerobic bacteria need O2 for respiration

anaerobic bacteria do not need O2 for respiration

32
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

can only respire in the absence of O2

33
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can respire with or without O2

34
Q

how does pH affect growth of cultured bacteria

A

affects enzyme action

most bacteria work best at pH 7

35
Q

how does external solute concentration affect growth of cultured bacteria

A

medium with lower solute concentration: water taken in by osmosis and cell wall prevents it from bursting when it swells
medium with higher solute concentration: bacteria lose water by osmosis, enzymes stop working and they die

36
Q

how does pressure affect growth of cultured bacteria

A

growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressure

37
Q

5 phases of growth curve of population of bacteria

A 
lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
decline phase
survival phase
38
Q

describe lag phase and explain

A

number stays constant

bacteria are adapting to their new environment

39
Q

describe log phase and explain

A

number increases

bacteria are reproducing rapidly because there is plenty of food and O2

40
Q

describe stationary phase and explain

A

number stays constant, birth rate=death rate

reproduction rate slows down because of shortage of food and O2 ad build up of toxic waste (competition)

41
Q

what are endospores

A

dormant, resistant spores formed by bacteria

42
Q

when are endospores formed

A

under adverse conditions

43
Q

adverse

A

harmful

44
Q

some adverse conditions for bacteria

A

lack of food or water or a host
extreme heat or cold
presence of poisons

45
Q

endospore formation

A 
the DNA (chromosome replicates)
one chromosome becomes surrounded by a thick wall 
endospore is formed and loses water
the outer bacterial wall breaks down and the endospore is released
46
Q

what happens to an endospore when conditions are suitable again

A

the endospore germinates, a thick wall breaks down and a single bacterial cell is formed

47
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals produced by some fungi and bacteria that kill (or stop the growth of) other bacteria.

48
Q

are antibiotics effective against viruses?

A

no

49
Q

2 examples of antibiotics

A

penicillin

streptomycin

50
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

soon resistant strains of the bacteria begin to appear and they are not killed by the antibiotic

51
Q

how do resistant strains arise

A

by chance in mutation

52
Q

what happens to resistant strains of bacteria

A

it survives, multiplies and spreads, due to lack of competition

53
Q

pathogenic bacteria

A

bacteria that cause disease

54
Q

4 ways we benefit from bacteria

A

production of drugs
production of food
waste disposal
scientific research

55
Q

explain production of drugs as a benefit of bacteria

A

antibiotic vaccines and vitamins

56
Q

explain production of food as a benefit of bacteria

A

yogurt and cheese from milk

57
Q

explain waste disposal as a benefit of bacteria

A

treatment of sewage

58
Q

3 human diseases caused by bacteria

A

tuberculosis
tonsilitis
tetanus

59
Q

3 ways in which bacteria can be harmful to us

A

human disease
tooth decay
food decay (food poisoning)

60
Q

2 methods of bioprocessing

A

batch processing

continuous flow processing

61
Q

batch processing

A

a fixed amount of sterile nutrient is added to the bioreactor at the beginning and and products removed at the end

62
Q

stages in batch processing

A

lag
log
stationary

63
Q

continuous flow processing

A

nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor

volume of material in bioreactor remains constant

64
Q

states in continuous flow processing

A

remains at log stage

65
Q

2 advantages of batch culturing

A

microorganisms are growing naturally

the bioreactor can be used for small volumes of product

66
Q

3 advantages of continuous flow processing

A

the product is formed more quickly
production is continuous
no need to sterilise the bioreactor so often

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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