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Cell metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

chemical reactions breaking down large molecules into smaller simpler molecules. energy is released

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3
Q

2 examples of catabolic reactions

A

respiration

digestion

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

chemical reactions building up small molecules into larger more complex ones. energy is used.

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5
Q

2 examples of anabolism

A

photosynthesis

protein synthesis

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6
Q

2 sources of energy

A

solar energy

cellular energy

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7
Q

An example of use of solar energy

A

trapped by pigments (chlorophyll) in cells and used to make chemical bonds in carbohydrates. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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8
Q

Where is cellular energy found

A

it is held in bonds in biomolecules. when these bonds are broken down, energy is released. RESPIRATION

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9
Q

Transfer of energy 3 steps

A

solar energy
cellular energy in biomolecules
energy used to do work

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10
Q

What does each reaction in the body need to allow it to take place?

A

a different catalyst

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst

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12
Q

Substrate

A

the substance that an enzyme reacts with

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13
Q

Product

A

the new substance that is formed

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14
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

series of reactions linked together

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15
Q

Optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body

A

37º C

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16
Q

What would happen without enzymes

A

the rate of reactions would be too slow to sustain life

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17
Q

How to enzymes affect the rate of a reaction?

A

they lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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18
Q

5 properties of enzymes

A 
biological catalysts
made of protein
specific in function
enzyme reactions are reversible 
enzyme action is affected by temperature and pH
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19
Q

Structure of enzymes

A

globular protein with a folded shape

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20
Q

What do some enzymes have in common

A

many enzymes are composed of 2 or more globular sections called domains joined together

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21
Q

The active site

A

a small part of an enzyme where the substrate attaches

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22
Q

Shape of active site

A

matches the shape of the substrate

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23
Q

Induced fit action

A

the active site changes shape as the substrate binds with it so that the enzyme fits better around the substrate

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24
Q

The name for the mechanism of enzyme action

A

the active site theory

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25
7 steps in the active site theory
1. substrate binds with active site of matching enzyme 2. an enzyme-susbstrate complex is formed 3. active site changes shape to fit better with substrate (induced fit) 4. the substrate is changed into the product 5. the product leaves the active site of the enzyme 6. the enzyme returns to its original shape 7. the enzyme can work again (ie. react with another substrate molecule)
26
can you work backward up the active site theory
yes
27
enzyme specificity
enzymes are specific in function. each enzyme can only act on a particular substrate.
28
amylase acts on
starch
29
pepsin acts on
protein
30
lipase acts on
lipids
31
catalase acts on
hydrogen peroxide
32
what causes enzyme specificity
the shape of their active site
33
what will affect enzyme specificity
any factor that changes the shape of the active site
34
when is an enzyme said to be denatured
when it undergoes an irreversible change in structure and permanent loss of function
35
why does an enzyme lose its function when it is denatured
the shape of the active site is altered and it can no longer fit with the substrate
36
2 causes of denaturation
strong heat | unsuitable pH
37
2 factors affecting the rate of enzyme action
Temperature | pH
38
optimum activity
when the rate of enzyme action is at its fastest
39
the 3 things you mention when they ask you to describe the graph of the rate of enzyme action
as ____ increases, the rate increases. at ____ it is at its optimum level. after that as the _____ continues to increase the rate of enzyme action decreases. after ____ it has been denatured
40
3 minor things that enzyme action is also affected by
enzyme concentration substrate concentration inhibitors
41
role of enzymes in metabolism
enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of all metabolic reactions
42
5 processes that enzymes are involved in
``` respiration photosynthesis protein synthesis DNA synthesis digestion ```
43
how to keep constant: | temperature
use water baths of the same temperature
44
how to keep constant: | pH
use the same pH buffer
45
how to keep constant: | enzyme concentration
use equal amounts of the enzyme
46
how to keep constant: | substrate concentration
use equal amounts of substrate
47
how to vary temperature
use water baths at different temperatures
48
how to vary pH
use different baths
49
experiment: enzyme
catalase (found in fresh celery or radish)
50
experiment: substrate
hydrogen peroxide
51
experiment: products
water and oxygen (O2 causes foaming)
52
experiment: how do you measure the amount of product produced
volume of foam produced
53
rate =
volume of foam produced/time
54
experiment: what apparatus is needed
thermometer graduated cylinder water bath boiling tube
55
experiment: what pH buffer do you use to keep the pH constant?
pH 4 buffer
56
experiment: what do you add so that foam is produced?
a drop of washing up liquid
57
experiment: how do you add the hydrogen peroxide to the test tube
using a syringe
58
Which axis does temperature go on
the x axis
59
What axis does rate of enzyme action go on
the y axis
60
Experiment: how to denature the catalase
put in a boiling tube in a water bath at >60ºC
61
Control to the denatured experiment
unboiled catalase
62
Bioprocessing
the use of microorganisms or cells or enzymes to produce products
63
where is bioprocessing carried out
in the bioreactor (vessel/container)
64
4 products of bioprocessing
breads cheeses yogurts wines/beers
65
4 more recent products of bioprocessing
antibiotics vitamins hormones foodstuffs
66
What is used now in place of whole cells in bioprocessing
purified enzymes or immobilised enzymes
67
Immobilised enzymes
fixed to an inert materia eg.glass, or trapped in a gel or fixed to each other
68
4 advantages of immobilised enzymes
they can be reused the product is purer they are easily recovered at the end of the process the enzymes are more stable and can be used for longer
69
3 uses of immobilised enzymes
to convert sucrose to glucose and fructose to convert glucose to fructose for use in soft drinks (fructose is sweeter so less needed) to produce lactose-free milk
70
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: why is yeast used
it contains the enzyme sucrase which converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
71
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what does immobilised yeast contain
immobilised enzyme
72
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: how do you test for the presence of glucose
glucose test strips (clinistrix)
73
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you mix yeast with first
mix with sodium alginate in a beaker and stir with a glass rod
74
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you do with the mixture of yeast and sodium alginate
draw it up into a syringe and slowly drop droplets into a beaker with calcium chloride solution
75
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what will form once you drop the droplets into the beaker of calcium chloride solution?
alginate beads will form
76
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: how long until the beads harden in the Calcium chloride solution
about 20 minutes
77
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: once the beads have hardened
filter the beads and wash with distilled
78
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: substrate
sucrose
79
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: enzyme
sucrase
80
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: product(s)
glucose and fructose
81
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: real experiment
beaker with sucrose and immobilised yeast beads
82
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: control experiment
beaker with sucrose and beads without yeast
83
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you first do with both beakers
shake and leave for 5 minutes
84
To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: very last step
test both for glucose using clinistix

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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