Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology (Mona) > Cell metabolism > Flashcards

Cell metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catabolism

A

chemical reactions breaking down large molecules into smaller simpler molecules. energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 examples of catabolic reactions

A

respiration

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anabolism

A

chemical reactions building up small molecules into larger more complex ones. energy is used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 examples of anabolism

A

photosynthesis

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 sources of energy

A

solar energy

cellular energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An example of use of solar energy

A

trapped by pigments (chlorophyll) in cells and used to make chemical bonds in carbohydrates. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is cellular energy found

A

it is held in bonds in biomolecules. when these bonds are broken down, energy is released. RESPIRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transfer of energy 3 steps

A

solar energy
cellular energy in biomolecules
energy used to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does each reaction in the body need to allow it to take place?

A

a different catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Substrate

A

the substance that an enzyme reacts with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Product

A

the new substance that is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

series of reactions linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body

A

37º C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What would happen without enzymes

A

the rate of reactions would be too slow to sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to enzymes affect the rate of a reaction?

A

they lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 properties of enzymes

A 
biological catalysts
made of protein
specific in function
enzyme reactions are reversible 
enzyme action is affected by temperature and pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structure of enzymes

A

globular protein with a folded shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do some enzymes have in common

A

many enzymes are composed of 2 or more globular sections called domains joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The active site

A

a small part of an enzyme where the substrate attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Shape of active site

A

matches the shape of the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Induced fit action

A

the active site changes shape as the substrate binds with it so that the enzyme fits better around the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The name for the mechanism of enzyme action

A

the active site theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

7 steps in the active site theory

A
  1. substrate binds with active site of matching enzyme
  2. an enzyme-susbstrate complex is formed
  3. active site changes shape to fit better with substrate (induced fit)
  4. the substrate is changed into the product
  5. the product leaves the active site of the enzyme
  6. the enzyme returns to its original shape
  7. the enzyme can work again (ie. react with another substrate molecule)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

can you work backward up the active site theory

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

enzyme specificity

A

enzymes are specific in function. each enzyme can only act on a particular substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

amylase acts on

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pepsin acts on

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

lipase acts on

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

catalase acts on

A

hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what causes enzyme specificity

A

the shape of their active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what will affect enzyme specificity

A

any factor that changes the shape of the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when is an enzyme said to be denatured

A

when it undergoes an irreversible change in structure and permanent loss of function

35
Q

why does an enzyme lose its function when it is denatured

A

the shape of the active site is altered and it can no longer fit with the substrate

36
Q

2 causes of denaturation

A

strong heat

unsuitable pH

37
Q

2 factors affecting the rate of enzyme action

A

Temperature

pH

38
Q

optimum activity

A

when the rate of enzyme action is at its fastest

39
Q

the 3 things you mention when they ask you to describe the graph of the rate of enzyme action

A

as ____ increases, the rate increases. at ____ it is at its optimum level. after that as the _____ continues to increase the rate of enzyme action decreases. after ____ it has been denatured

40
Q

3 minor things that enzyme action is also affected by

A

enzyme concentration
substrate concentration
inhibitors

41
Q

role of enzymes in metabolism

A

enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of all metabolic reactions

42
Q

5 processes that enzymes are involved in

A 
respiration
photosynthesis
protein synthesis
DNA synthesis
digestion
43
Q

how to keep constant:

temperature

A

use water baths of the same temperature

44
Q

how to keep constant:

pH

A

use the same pH buffer

45
Q

how to keep constant:

enzyme concentration

A

use equal amounts of the enzyme

46
Q

how to keep constant:

substrate concentration

A

use equal amounts of substrate

47
Q

how to vary temperature

A

use water baths at different temperatures

48
Q

how to vary pH

A

use different baths

49
Q

experiment: enzyme

A

catalase (found in fresh celery or radish)

50
Q

experiment: substrate

A

hydrogen peroxide

51
Q

experiment: products

A

water and oxygen (O2 causes foaming)

52
Q

experiment: how do you measure the amount of product produced

A

volume of foam produced

53
Q

rate =

A

volume of foam produced/time

54
Q

experiment: what apparatus is needed

A

thermometer
graduated cylinder
water bath
boiling tube

55
Q

experiment: what pH buffer do you use to keep the pH constant?

A

pH 4 buffer

56
Q

experiment: what do you add so that foam is produced?

A

a drop of washing up liquid

57
Q

experiment: how do you add the hydrogen peroxide to the test tube

A

using a syringe

58
Q

Which axis does temperature go on

A

the x axis

59
Q

What axis does rate of enzyme action go on

A

the y axis

60
Q

Experiment: how to denature the catalase

A

put in a boiling tube in a water bath at >60ºC

61
Q

Control to the denatured experiment

A

unboiled catalase

62
Q

Bioprocessing

A

the use of microorganisms or cells or enzymes to produce products

63
Q

where is bioprocessing carried out

A

in the bioreactor (vessel/container)

64
Q

4 products of bioprocessing

A

breads
cheeses
yogurts
wines/beers

65
Q

4 more recent products of bioprocessing

A

antibiotics
vitamins
hormones
foodstuffs

66
Q

What is used now in place of whole cells in bioprocessing

A

purified enzymes or immobilised enzymes

67
Q

Immobilised enzymes

A

fixed to an inert materia eg.glass, or trapped in a gel or fixed to each other

68
Q

4 advantages of immobilised enzymes

A

they can be reused
the product is purer
they are easily recovered at the end of the process
the enzymes are more stable and can be used for longer

69
Q

3 uses of immobilised enzymes

A

to convert sucrose to glucose and fructose
to convert glucose to fructose for use in soft drinks (fructose is sweeter so less needed)
to produce lactose-free milk

70
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: why is yeast used

A

it contains the enzyme sucrase which converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

71
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what does immobilised yeast contain

A

immobilised enzyme

72
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: how do you test for the presence of glucose

A

glucose test strips (clinistrix)

73
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you mix yeast with first

A

mix with sodium alginate in a beaker and stir with a glass rod

74
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you do with the mixture of yeast and sodium alginate

A

draw it up into a syringe and slowly drop droplets into a beaker with calcium chloride solution

75
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what will form once you drop the droplets into the beaker of calcium chloride solution?

A

alginate beads will form

76
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: how long until the beads harden in the Calcium chloride solution

A

about 20 minutes

77
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: once the beads have hardened

A

filter the beads and wash with distilled

78
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: substrate

A

sucrose

79
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: enzyme

A

sucrase

80
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: product(s)

A

glucose and fructose

81
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: real experiment

A

beaker with sucrose and immobilised yeast beads

82
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: control experiment

A

beaker with sucrose and beads without yeast

83
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: what do you first do with both beakers

A

shake and leave for 5 minutes

84
Q

To prepare an enzyme immobilisation and examine its application: very last step

A

test both for glucose using clinistix

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions