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Biology (Mona) > Response > Flashcards

Response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

5 things animals respond to

A 
light
sound
hunger
pain
presence of foreign cells
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2
Q

3 ways in which animals respond

A

movement
production of chemicals (enzymes, hormones)
production of cells eg. lymphohocytes

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3
Q

4 things that animals need to carry out a response

A

sense organs and a nervous system
hormonal system
muscular and skeletal system
immune system

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4
Q

5 stimuli that plants respond to

A

light, gravity, touch, H2O or chemicals

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5
Q

2 ways in which plants respond

A

changing their pattern of growth (growth regulation)

germinating, flowering, becoming dormant

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6
Q

what are plant responses due to?

A

the action of chemicals called growth regulators

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7
Q

speed of plant responses

A

much slower than animal responses

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8
Q

4 external factors that regulate the growth in plants

A

light intensity
day length
gravity
temperature

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9
Q

how does light intensity act as a growth regulator

A

affects the rate of photosynthesis and growth

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10
Q

how does day light act as a growth regulator

A

it varies with the seasons, has major effects on seed germination, flowering, seed dormancy and leaf fall

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11
Q

how does gravity act as a growth regulator

A

it ensures that roots grow downwards and shoots grow upwards

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12
Q

how does temperature act as a growth regulator

A

heat (high temperatures) promotes growth by increasing the rate of enzyme activity

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13
Q

main internal factor of growth regulation in plants

A

the production of chemicals called growth regulators in the meristems

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14
Q

Growth regulators

A

chemicals produced by a plant that control its growth and development

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15
Q

how do growth regulators get to where they need to be

A

they are produced in one part of the plant eg. meristems and they are transported to another part of the plant where they cause a response in vascular tissues

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16
Q

comment on the speed of growth regulators

A

slow acting but with a long-lasting effect

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17
Q

what does their effect depend on?

A

their concentration and the location in the plant in which they act

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18
Q

higher concentration of auxin

A

stimulate growth in shoots and inhibit growth in roots

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19
Q

lower concentration of auxin

A

cause more growth in rots and no effect on shoot growth

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20
Q

how do growth regulators interact with each other and give an example

A

interact with each other in controlling growth and development eg. auxins and gibberellins together promote cell elongation in stem

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21
Q

5 commercial uses of plant regulators

A 
rooting powders
tissue culturing 
selective weed killers 
formation of seedless fruits
ripening of fruit
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22
Q

explain rooting powders as a commercial use of plant regulators

A

horticulturists use NAA to promote rooting of stem cuttings

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23
Q

explain tissue culturing as a commercial use of plant regulators

A

small pieces of tissue cut off and grown in an artificial medium. form a callous, treated with a high concentration of auxin, it will form shoots and roots

24
Q

explain selective weed killers as a commercial use of plant regulators

A

2,4-D a synthetic auxin is used as a selective weed killer. It disrupts normal growth of dicots and doesnt affect monocots

25
Q

explain formation of seedless fruit as a commercial use of plant regulators

A

auxin is applied to flowers before fertilisation occurs so that the ovary enlarges and develops in a fruit without seeds eg. tomatoes

26
Q

explain ripening of fruit as a commercial use of plant regulators

A

fruits such as bananas are picked when green. Before they are needed in a shop they are exposed to ethene so they all ripen at the same time

27
Q

IAA

A

Indoleacetic acid

28
Q

explain IAA

A

a naturally-occurring auxin often found in plants

29
Q

3 places in the plant in which auxin is produced

A

apical meristems (shoot tip and root tip)
developing seed embryos and fruits
young developing leaves

30
Q

5 functions of auxin

A

Controls:

  • root and stem growth
  • cell elongation and differentiation
  • development of flowers and fruit
  • apical dominance
  • responses to external stimuli (tropisms)
31
Q

explain cell elongation as an effect of auxins

A

weakens cell walls, links between cellulose fibres are broken, can take in H2O by osmosis and elongate
basis for tropisms

32
Q

explain fruit developing as an effect of auxins

A

promotes setting and growth of fruit

produces seedless fruits when sprayed on artificially

33
Q

explain apical dominance as an effect of auxins

A

auxin diffuses down the stem and inhibits growth of side branches
stem grows in length with very few side branches

34
Q

abscisic acid

A

a plant growth regulator that inhibits growth

35
Q

where is abscisic acid produced

A

stems leaves and green fruit

36
Q

3 functions of abscisic acid

A

promotes bud and seed dormancy by slowing down growth
inhibits cell division
promotes leaf fall

37
Q

tropism

A

growth response of a plant due to an external stimulus

38
Q

positive tropism

A

growth towards a stimulus

39
Q

negative tropism

A

growth away from a stimulus

40
Q

importance of tropisms

A

to allow plants to have a favourable conditions for growth

41
Q

5 types of tropisms

A 
phototropism 
geotropism
thigmotropism
hydrotropism
chemotropism
42
Q

phototropism

A

growth response of a plant to light from a particular direction
stem grows towards light, positively phototrophic

43
Q

geotropism

A

growth response of a plant to gravity

roots grow downwards, positively geotropic

44
Q

thigmotropism

A

growth response of a plant to touch

45
Q

hydrotropism

A

growth response of a plant to water

46
Q

chemotropism

A

growth response of a plant to chemicals

47
Q

role of auxin in phototropism 3

A
  1. auxin is produced in stem tip and diffuses down the stem
  2. if light comes from one direction, the auxin moves away from it
  3. unequal growth and bending towards the light
48
Q

4 things that plants must protect themselves against

A

loss of water
overheating
being infected by microorganisms
being eaten

49
Q

2 ways in which a plant can protect itself

A

structural or chemical adaptations

50
Q

4 structural adaptations

A

thick cuticle
thorns
stinging cells
deep roots

51
Q

thick cuticle

A

reduces water loss

52
Q

thorns

A

to not be eaten

53
Q

stinging cells

A

to not be eaten

54
Q

deep roots

A

to absorb water from deep down in the ground

55
Q

3 chemical adaptations

A

production of toxic chemicals
production of heat-shock proteins
production of antimicrobial chemicals

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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