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Biology (Mona) > DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

units of DNA

A

nucleotide

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3
Q

3 components of a nucleotide

A

a phosphate group
a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
nitrogen base

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4
Q

which component of a nucleotide goes in the middle

A

deoxyribose

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5
Q

4 nitrogenous bases

A

adenin
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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6
Q

what forms the backbone of a polynucleotide

A

the sugar and the phosphate

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7
Q

who proposed the double helix model for DNA

A

Watson and crick

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8
Q

what is between the complementary base pairs

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

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10
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine and thymine

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11
Q

what differs one DNA molecule from another

A

the sequence of base pairs

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12
Q

what does DNA coil around

A

groups of protein molecules called histones

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13
Q

when the DNA is coiled around histones, what is formed

A

structures called nucleosomes

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14
Q

when nucleosomes and DNA are packed closely together what is formed

A

chromatin

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15
Q

chromatin contracts to form

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

chromosomes are made of

A

DNA and protein

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17
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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18
Q

what is RNA

A

made up of a single polynucleotide chain

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19
Q

sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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20
Q

base in RNA

A

uracil

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21
Q

1 more difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA is single stranded

DNA is double stranded

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22
Q 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
made where?
A

made in the nucleus with the same code as DNA (transcription)

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23
Q 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
when it leaves nucleus
A

leaves nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm

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24
Q 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
function
A

carries code to ribosomes for synthesis of protein

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25
Q 
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 
2 functions
A

holds the structure of ribosomes

holds mRNA in place for translation

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26
Q 
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 
where is it found
A

in the cytoplasm

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27
Q 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
3 points about function
A

each molecule carries specific amino acid to mRNA
binds with complementary codon in mRNA
amino acids placed in sequence

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28
Q

DNA replication

A

makes a copy of itself

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29
Q

when and where does replication take place

A

in the nucleus of the cell during interphase

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30
Q

3 requirements for DNA replication

A 
free nucleotides of the 4 different types
energy in the form of ATP 
an enzyme (DNA polymerase)
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31
Q

where are the free nucleotides made?

A

in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

what does each strand of DNA to during DNA replication

A

acts as a template or pattern for the synthesis pf a new complementary strand

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33
Q

first stage in DNA replication

A

2 strands of the double helix unwind

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34
Q

DNA replication; once the strands are unwound

A

the weak hydrogen bonds are broken by an enzyme

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35
Q

DNA replication; once hydrogen bonds broken

A

DNA strands separate

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36
Q

DNA replication; strands are separated

A

DNA nucleotides move in from the cytoplasm and link up with their complementary bases on the separated strands

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37
Q

DNA replication; linked up with new base pairs

A

nucleotides then joined by an enzyme to make 2 new strands

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38
Q

DNA replication; 2 new strands are made

A

the old and new strands wind to make 2 new double helices

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39
Q

2 results of DNA replication

A

2 new molecules formed

Identical to each other and to the original DNA

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40
Q

this replication what named what by Watson and crick

A

semiconservative replication

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41
Q

when does DNA replication happen

A

during interphase

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42
Q

each chromosome forms

A

2 identical chromosomes

43
Q

where are the identical chromosomes held

A

at the centromere

44
Q

significance of DNA replication

A

identical DNA is passes on to daughter nuclei

45
Q

codon

A

triplet

sequence of three bases

46
Q

what does each codon specify

A

each codon specifies for one amino acid during protein synthesis

47
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA with a sequence of codons that codes for the formation of a protein

48
Q

when is a gene expressed

A

when this code is taken to a ribosome and used to make a particular protein

49
Q

genetic code

A

sequence of codons in a strand of DNA that codes for a protein

50
Q

start codon

A

marks the beginning of the sequence ( a stop codon marks the end)

51
Q

Coding DNA

A

the genes that codes for protein

52
Q

90% of human DNA

A

non-coding, and is called junk DNA

53
Q

is non-coding DNA part of the genetic code

54
Q

non-coding DNA

A

consists of long sequences of bases that do not code for amino acids

55
Q

where is non-coding DNA found?

A

between genes and within genes

56
Q

within genes: coding segment of DNA

57
Q

within genes: non-coding segment of DNA

58
Q

what controls cell metabolism

A

enzymes that are protein in nature

59
Q

where are proteins made in the cell

A

in ribosomes

60
Q

2 things that DNA controls

A

protein synthesis

and therefore enzyme formation and cell metabolism

61
Q

protein synthesis requires

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRna
enzymes/amino acids/ATP

62
Q

stage one of protein synthesis name

A

transcription

63
Q

what occurs during transcription

A

mRNA is made using a single DNA strand as a template

64
Q

first step in transcription

A

DNA strands in the nucleus unwind and separate, controlled by an enzyme

65
Q

transcription: second step (DNA is unwound)

A

RNA nucleotides bond with their complementary bases in one of the DNA strands

66
Q

uracil bonds to

67
Q

cytosine bonds to

68
Q

transcription: third stage

A

RNA polymerase joins that nucleotides together to form mRNA

69
Q

transcription: last step

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and carries the codons to the ribosomes

70
Q

3 types of codons in mRNA

A

start codon
codon for adding an amino acid
stop codon

71
Q

stage 2 of protein synthesis name

A

translation

72
Q

what occurs during translation

A

the code in the mRNA is used to make a protein

73
Q

ribosomes are made of

A

RNA and protein

74
Q

translation: first step

A

rRNA binds mRNA to the ribosomes

75
Q

where are free-floating tRNA molecules found

A

in the cytoplasm

76
Q

describe tRNA

A

3 bases at one end (anticodon) and specific amino acid at the other end

77
Q

translation: second step

A

tRNA molecules carry amino acids to mRNA on the ribosomes

78
Q

translation: third step

A

tRNA binds with complementary codons in mRNA

79
Q

translation: after tRNA has bound with mRNA

A

the amino acids attaches to the tRNA are placed in sequence according to the sequence of codons in mRNA

80
Q

translation: amino acids of tRNA in sequence

A

amino acids joined by a peptide bond to make a protein (polypeptide chain)

81
Q

translation: once protein is made

A

tRNA molecules separate from their amino acids and the mRNA and return to the cytoplasm

82
Q

translation: when tRNA return to the cytoplasm

A

they continue to pick up their specific amino acid and return to bind with mRNA until a stop codon is reached

83
Q

translation: when a stop codon is reached

A

the amino acid sequence of the new protein is complete

84
Q

translation: when protein is made

A

folds into its functional 3D shape

85
Q

translation

A

the use of the base sequence (codons) in mRNA to place amino acids in sequence to make a protein

86
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

what plant

87
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

what do you do with the onion

A

add onion to a beaker with salt and washing up liquid

88
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

what do you with the beaker

A

put in a water bath at 60ºC for exactly 15 minutes

89
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

after you have heated the beaker

A

cool by standing in a an ice water bath for 5 minutes, stirring frequently

90
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

after mixture has cooled

A

pour into a blender and blend for a few seconds

91
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

after blending

A

filter the mixture into a second beaker

DNA is in the filtrate

92
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

you have filtrate

A

add 2-3 drops of protease to the filtrate and mix gently

93
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

once protease is added

A

trickle ice cold ethanol down the side of the boiling tube to form a layer floating on top of the filtrate

94
Q 
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues 
function of ethanol
A

separates the DNA from the filtrate and make it visible

95
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

when you have put the ethanol in

A

leave for a few minutes without disturbing it

96
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

what do you observe

A

DNA at the interface (boundary) of alcohol and filtrate

97
Q

to isolate DNA from a plant tissues

how do you remove DNA

A

with a glass rod

98
Q

describe the structure of DNA (L.C)

A

double helix
phosphate with nitrogenous bas and deoxyribose
in nucleotides with hydrogen bonding between bases

99
Q

describe the role of DNA in heredity (L.C)

A

has genetic code
can be replicated and passed on to next generation
base sequence is significant

100
Q

variation (L.C)

A

differences between individuals

101
Q

mutation (L.C)

A

change in genetic material (genotype)

102
Q

why may variation result from a mutation (L.C)

A

change in genotype may result in an inheritable variation

103
Q

state 2 agents possible for mutation (L.C)

A

radiation
chemicals
viruses

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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