DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
DNA
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
2
Q
units of DNA
A
nucleotide
3
Q
3 components of a nucleotide
A
a phosphate group
a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
nitrogen base
4
Q
which component of a nucleotide goes in the middle
A
deoxyribose
5
Q
4 nitrogenous bases
A
adenin
thymine
guanine
cytosine
6
Q
what forms the backbone of a polynucleotide
A
the sugar and the phosphate
7
Q
who proposed the double helix model for DNA
A
Watson and crick
8
Q
what is between the complementary base pairs
A
weak hydrogen bonds
9
Q
purines
A
adenine and guanine
10
Q
pyrimidines
A
cytosine and thymine
11
Q
what differs one DNA molecule from another
A
the sequence of base pairs
12
Q
what does DNA coil around
A
groups of protein molecules called histones
13
Q
when the DNA is coiled around histones, what is formed
A
structures called nucleosomes
14
Q
when nucleosomes and DNA are packed closely together what is formed
A
chromatin
15
Q
chromatin contracts to form
A
chromosomes
16
Q
chromosomes are made of
A
DNA and protein
17
Q
RNA
A
ribonucleic acid
18
Q
what is RNA
A
made up of a single polynucleotide chain
19
Q
sugar in RNA
A
ribose
20
Q
base in RNA
A
uracil
21
Q
1 more difference between DNA and RNA
A
RNA is single stranded
DNA is double stranded
22
Q
Messenger RNA (mRNA) made where?
A
made in the nucleus with the same code as DNA (transcription)
23
Q
Messenger RNA (mRNA) when it leaves nucleus
A
leaves nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm
24
Q
Messenger RNA (mRNA) function
A
carries code to ribosomes for synthesis of protein
25
```
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2 functions
```
holds the structure of ribosomes
| holds mRNA in place for translation
26
```
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
where is it found
```
in the cytoplasm
27
```
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
3 points about function
```
each molecule carries specific amino acid to mRNA
binds with complementary codon in mRNA
amino acids placed in sequence
28
DNA replication
makes a copy of itself
29
when and where does replication take place
in the nucleus of the cell during interphase
30
3 requirements for DNA replication
```
free nucleotides of the 4 different types
energy in the form of ATP
an enzyme (DNA polymerase)
```
31
where are the free nucleotides made?
in the cytoplasm
32
what does each strand of DNA to during DNA replication
acts as a template or pattern for the synthesis pf a new complementary strand
33
first stage in DNA replication
2 strands of the double helix unwind
34
DNA replication; once the strands are unwound
the weak hydrogen bonds are broken by an enzyme
35
DNA replication; once hydrogen bonds broken
DNA strands separate
36
DNA replication; strands are separated
DNA nucleotides move in from the cytoplasm and link up with their complementary bases on the separated strands
37
DNA replication; linked up with new base pairs
nucleotides then joined by an enzyme to make 2 new strands
38
DNA replication; 2 new strands are made
the old and new strands wind to make 2 new double helices
39
2 results of DNA replication
2 new molecules formed
| Identical to each other and to the original DNA
40
this replication what named what by Watson and crick
semiconservative replication
41
when does DNA replication happen
during interphase
42
each chromosome forms
2 identical chromosomes
43
where are the identical chromosomes held
at the centromere
44
significance of DNA replication
identical DNA is passes on to daughter nuclei
45
codon
triplet
| sequence of three bases
46
what does each codon specify
each codon specifies for one amino acid during protein synthesis
47
gene
a length of DNA with a sequence of codons that codes for the formation of a protein
48
when is a gene expressed
when this code is taken to a ribosome and used to make a particular protein
49
genetic code
sequence of codons in a strand of DNA that codes for a protein
50
start codon
marks the beginning of the sequence ( a stop codon marks the end)
51
Coding DNA
the genes that codes for protein
52
90% of human DNA
non-coding, and is called junk DNA
53
is non-coding DNA part of the genetic code
no
54
non-coding DNA
consists of long sequences of bases that do not code for amino acids
55
where is non-coding DNA found?
between genes and within genes
56
within genes: coding segment of DNA
exon
57
within genes: non-coding segment of DNA
intron
58
what controls cell metabolism
enzymes that are protein in nature
59
where are proteins made in the cell
in ribosomes
60
2 things that DNA controls
protein synthesis
| and therefore enzyme formation and cell metabolism
61
protein synthesis requires
mRNA
tRNA
rRna
enzymes/amino acids/ATP
62
stage one of protein synthesis name
transcription
63
what occurs during transcription
mRNA is made using a single DNA strand as a template
64
first step in transcription
DNA strands in the nucleus unwind and separate, controlled by an enzyme
65
transcription: second step (DNA is unwound)
RNA nucleotides bond with their complementary bases in one of the DNA strands
66
uracil bonds to
adenine
67
cytosine bonds to
guanine
68
transcription: third stage
RNA polymerase joins that nucleotides together to form mRNA
69
transcription: last step
mRNA leaves the nucleus and carries the codons to the ribosomes
70
3 types of codons in mRNA
start codon
codon for adding an amino acid
stop codon
71
stage 2 of protein synthesis name
translation
72
what occurs during translation
the code in the mRNA is used to make a protein
73
ribosomes are made of
RNA and protein
74
translation: first step
rRNA binds mRNA to the ribosomes
75
where are free-floating tRNA molecules found
in the cytoplasm
76
describe tRNA
3 bases at one end (anticodon) and specific amino acid at the other end
77
translation: second step
tRNA molecules carry amino acids to mRNA on the ribosomes
78
translation: third step
tRNA binds with complementary codons in mRNA
79
translation: after tRNA has bound with mRNA
the amino acids attaches to the tRNA are placed in sequence according to the sequence of codons in mRNA
80
translation: amino acids of tRNA in sequence
amino acids joined by a peptide bond to make a protein (polypeptide chain)
81
translation: once protein is made
tRNA molecules separate from their amino acids and the mRNA and return to the cytoplasm
82
translation: when tRNA return to the cytoplasm
they continue to pick up their specific amino acid and return to bind with mRNA until a stop codon is reached
83
translation: when a stop codon is reached
the amino acid sequence of the new protein is complete
84
translation: when protein is made
folds into its functional 3D shape
85
translation
the use of the base sequence (codons) in mRNA to place amino acids in sequence to make a protein
86
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| what plant
onion
87
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| what do you do with the onion
add onion to a beaker with salt and washing up liquid
88
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| what do you with the beaker
put in a water bath at 60ºC for exactly 15 minutes
89
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| after you have heated the beaker
cool by standing in a an ice water bath for 5 minutes, stirring frequently
90
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| after mixture has cooled
pour into a blender and blend for a few seconds
91
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| after blending
filter the mixture into a second beaker
| DNA is in the filtrate
92
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| you have filtrate
add 2-3 drops of protease to the filtrate and mix gently
93
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| once protease is added
trickle ice cold ethanol down the side of the boiling tube to form a layer floating on top of the filtrate
94
```
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
function of ethanol
```
separates the DNA from the filtrate and make it visible
95
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| when you have put the ethanol in
leave for a few minutes without disturbing it
96
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| what do you observe
DNA at the interface (boundary) of alcohol and filtrate
97
to isolate DNA from a plant tissues
| how do you remove DNA
with a glass rod
98
describe the structure of DNA (L.C)
double helix
phosphate with nitrogenous bas and deoxyribose
in nucleotides with hydrogen bonding between bases
99
describe the role of DNA in heredity (L.C)
has genetic code
can be replicated and passed on to next generation
base sequence is significant
100
variation (L.C)
differences between individuals
101
mutation (L.C)
change in genetic material (genotype)
102
why may variation result from a mutation (L.C)
change in genotype may result in an inheritable variation
103
state 2 agents possible for mutation (L.C)
radiation
chemicals
viruses
